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      Murine Typhus : Clinical and epidemiological aspects Translated title: Tifo Murino : Aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos

      review-article
      a , b , , a , c , a , b , a , c
      Colombia Médica : CM
      Universidad del Valle
      Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia, infection, rats, fleas, rickettsioses

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          Abstract

          Rickettsia typhi:

          is an intracellular bacteria who causes murine typhus. His importance is reflected in the high frequency founding specific antibodies against Rickettsia typhi in several worldwide seroepidemiological studies, the seroprevalence ranging between 3-36%. Natural reservoirs of R. typhi are rats (some species belonging the Rattus Genus) and fleas ( Xenopsylla cheopis) are his vector. This infection is associated with overcrowding, pollution and poor hygiene. Typically presents fever, headache, rash on trunk and extremities, in some cases may occur organ-specific complications, affecting liver, kidney, lung or brain. Initially the disease is very similar to other diseases, is very common to confuse the murine typhus with Dengue fever, therefore, ignorance of the disease is a factor related to complications or non-specific treatments for the resolution of this infection. This paper presents the most relevant information to consider about the rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia typhi.

          Translated abstract

          Rickettsia typhi:

          es una bacteria intracelular causante del tifo murino. Su importancia queda reflejada en la elevada frecuencia con que se encuentran anticuerpos específicos frente a Rickettsia typhi en diferentes estudios seroepidemiológicos a nivel mundial, variando la seroprevalencia entre el 3-36%. R. typhi tiene como reservorios naturales a las ratas (especies del Género Rattus) y como vector las pulgas ( Xenopsylla cheopis). Esta infección está asociada comúnmente al hacinamiento, contaminación y falta de higiene. Clínicamente se presenta fiebres, cefalea, exantema en tronco y extremidades, en algunos casos pueden presentarse complicaciones órgano-específicas, afectando hígado, riñón, pulmón o cerebro. Inicialmente la enfermedad es muy similar a otras enfermedades, siendo muy común confundir al tifo murino con fiebre causada por Dengue, por lo tanto, el desconocimiento de la enfermedad es un factor relacionado a complicaciones ó tratamientos poco específicos para la resolución de esta infección. Este trabajo presenta la información más relevante a considerar sobre la Rickettsiosis causada por Rickettsia typhi.

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          Most cited references20

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          Rickettsial outer-membrane protein B (rOmpB) mediates bacterial invasion through Ku70 in an actin, c-Cbl, clathrin and caveolin 2-dependent manner.

          Rickettsia conorii, an obligate intracellular tick-borne pathogen and the causative agent of Mediterranean spotted fever, binds to and invades non-phagocytic mammalian cells. Previous work identified Ku70 as a mammalian receptor involved in the invasion process and identified the rickettsial autotransporter protein, rOmpB, as a ligand; however, little is known about the role of Ku70-rOmpB interactions in the bacterial invasion process. Using an Escherichia coli heterologous expression system, we show here that rOmpB mediates attachment to mammalian cells and entry in a Ku70-dependent process. A purified recombinant peptide corresponding to the rOmpB passenger domain interacts with Ku70 and serves as a competitive inhibitor of adherence. We observe that rOmpB-mediated infection culminates in actin recruitment at the bacterial foci, and that this entry process relies in part on actin polymerization likely imparted through protein tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent activities and microtubule stability. Small-interfering RNA studies targeting components of the endocytic pathway reveal that entry by rOmpB is dependent on c-Cbl, clathrin and caveolin-2. Together, these results illustrate that rOmpB is sufficient to mediate Ku70-dependent invasion of mammalian cells and that clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytic events likely contribute to the internalization process.
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            Geographic Association of Rickettsia felis-Infected Opossums with Human Murine Typhus, Texas

            Application of molecular diagnostic technology in the past 10 years has resulted in the discovery of several new species of pathogenic rickettsiae, including Rickettsia felis. As more sequence information for rickettsial genes has become available, the data have been used to reclassify rickettsial species and to develop new diagnostic tools for analysis of mixed rickettsial pathogens. R. felis has been associated with opossums and their fleas in Texas and California. Because R. felis can cause human illness, we investigated the distribution dynamics in the murine typhus–endemic areas of these two states. The geographic distribution of R. felis-infected opossum populations in two well-established endemic foci overlaps with that of the reported human cases of murine typhus. Descriptive epidemiologic analysis of 1998 human cases in Corpus Christi, Texas, identified disease patterns consistent with studies done in the 1980s. A close geographic association of seropositive opossums (22% R. felis; 8% R. typhi) with human murine typhus cases was also observed.
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              Evidence of rickettsial spotted fever and ehrlichial infections in a subtropical territory of Jujuy, Argentina.

              Between November 1993 and March 1994, a cluster 6 pediatric patients with acute febrile illnesses associated with rashes was identified in Jujuy Province, Argentina. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues confirmed spotted fever group rickettsial infection in a patient with fatal disease, and testing of serum of a patient convalescing from the illness by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated antibodies reactive with spotted fever group rickettsiae. A serosurvey was conducted among 16 households in proximity to the index case. Of 105 healthy subjects evaluated by IFA, 19 (18%) demonstrated antibodies reactive with rickettsiae or ehrlichiae: 4 had antibodies reactive with Rickettsia rickettsii, 15 with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and 1 with R. typhi. Amblyomma cajennense, a known vector of R. rickettsii in South America, was collected from pets and horses in the area. These results are the first to document rickettsial spotted fever and ehrlichial infections in Argentina.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Colomb Med (Cali)
                Colomb. Med
                1657-9534
                Colombia Médica : CM
                Universidad del Valle
                0120-8322
                1657-9534
                30 June 2012
                Apr-Jun 2012
                : 43
                : 2
                : 175-180
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México gaspar.peniche@ 123456uady.mx
                [b ]Unidad Interinstitucional de Investigaciónclínica y Epidemiológica, Facultad de Medicina, zavala@ 123456uady.mx
                [c ]Centro de Investigaciónes Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Facultad de Medicina. zcastro@ 123456uady.mx
                Author notes
                Gaspar Peniche Lara, Email : gaspar.peniche@ 123456uady.mx

                Conflict of interest: Authors of this manuscript declare that there are any conflict of interest (financial, research, heritage, etc.) in the submitted manuscript.

                Article
                S1657-95342012000200011
                10.25100/cm.v43i2.1147
                4001937
                24893060
                0ed34839-7b4f-450c-a105-7c61f389895d
                Copyright: © 2012 Universidad del Valle.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 March 2011
                : 13 June 2011
                : 11 August 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 22, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Review Article

                rickettsia typhi,rickettsia,infection,rats,fleas,rickettsioses
                rickettsia typhi, rickettsia, infection, rats, fleas, rickettsioses

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