Modulation of Methoxyfenozide Release from Lignin Nanoparticles Made of Lignin Grafted with PCL by ROP and Acylation Grafting Methods

Abstract

An efficient and sustainable agriculture calls for the development of novel agrochemical delivery systems able to release agrochemicals in a controlled manner. This study investigated the controlled release of the insecticide methoxyfenozide (MFZ) from lignin (LN) nanoparticles (LNPs). LN-grafted poly(ε-caprolactone) (LN- g-PCL) polymers were synthesized using two grafting methods, ring-opening polymerization (ROP)(LN- g-PCL _p) and acylation reaction (LN- g-PCL _a), creating polymers capable of self-assembling into nanoparticles of different properties, without surfactants. The LN- g-PCL _p polymers exhibited a degree of polymerization (DP) from 22 to 101, demonstrating enhanced thermal stability after LN incorporation. LNPs loaded with MFZ exhibited a spherical core–shell structure with a hydrophilic LN outer layer and hydrophobic PCL core, with sizes affected by grafting methods and DP. LNPs controlled MFZ release, displaying variation in release profiles depending on the grafting methodology used, LN- g-PCL _p DP, and temperature variations (23 to 30 °C). LNPs formulated with LN- g-PCL _a showed a cumulative release of MFZ of 36.78 ± 1.23% over 196 h. Comparatively, increasing the DP of the LN- g-PCL _p polymers, a reduction of the LNPs release rate from 92.39 ± 1.46% to 70.59 ± 2.40% was achieved within the same time frame. These findings contribute to identifying ways to modulate the controlled release of agrochemicals by incorporating them in renewable-based LNPs.