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      Representaciones sociales de la recepción mediática durante la cuarentena por la COVID-19 en Colombia: entre mensajes y significados Translated title: Representações sociais da recepção midiática durante a quarentena pela COVID-19 na Colômbia: entre mensagens e significados Translated title: Social representations of media reception during the COVID-19 lockdown in Colombia: from messages to meanings

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          Abstract

          Las investigaciones recientes sobre la COVID-19 se han centrado en los efectos de esta pandemia en la salud pública, así como en los controles de bioseguridad y sus implicaciones socioeconómicas. El presente estudio mixto aporta una nueva mirada acerca del tema, combinando estrategias cualitativas y cuantitativas para identificar las representaciones sociales de la recepción mediática, en un sector de la población en Colombia, durante la cuarentena por la COVID-19. Los resultados indican que estas representaciones son diversas y están asociadas con el canal mediático y la afectación que produce la recepción en el estado de ánimo y la salud mental. En total, se realizaron 80 entrevistas y 1.068 encuestas online en diferentes regiones de Colombia. En la fase cualitativa se encontró que los programas o mensajes recibidos fueron representados positivamente, cuando provienen de la recepción de entretenimiento audiovisual y contribuye a la unidad familiar y a reducir el estrés en la cuarentena. De modo contrario, la recepción mediática fue representada negativamente, cuando los mensajes o noticias recibidas provienen del periodismo o las redes sociales y aumenta la desinformación, la angustia y el miedo al contagio. En la fase cuantitativa se encontró que la recepción mediática disminuyó a medida que trascurría la cuarentena, debido a la sobresaturación informativa y a la proliferación de noticias que enfatizan los riesgos de la COVID-19. Los resultados revelan la necesidad de enfocar la comunicación en salud al desarrollo de habilidades informacionales que permitan a la ciudadanía aprender a evaluar la veracidad y relevancia de la información recibida en la pandemia.

          Translated abstract

          As pesquisas recentes sobre a COVID-19 têm focado os efeitos da pandemia sobre a saúde pública, bem como nos controles de biossegurança e suas consequências socioeconómicas. O presente estudo misto traz um novo olhar sobre a questão, combinando estratégias qualitativas e quantitativas para identificar as representações sociais da recepção midiática em um setor da população na Colômbia, durante a quarentena causada pela COVID-19. Os resultados apontam que estas representações são diversas e estão associadas ao canal informativo e ao modo como afetam o estado de espírito e a saúde mental. No total, foram realizadas 80 entrevistas e aplicados 1.068 questionários online em diferentes regiões do país. Na fase qualitativa verificou-se que os programas ou mensagens recebidas foram representados positivamente, quando provenientes de entretenimento audiovisual, contribuindo para a união familial e para reduzir o estresse na quarentena. Já a recepção midiática teve representação negativa, quando as mensagens ou notícias recebidas procedem do jornalismo ou das redes sociais, aumentando a desinformação, a angústia e o medo do contágio. Na fase quantitativa verificou-se que a recepção midiática diminuiu à medida que transcorria a quarentena, por causa da saturação informativa e da proliferação de notícias enfatizando os riscos da COVID-19. Os resultados revelam a necessidade de direcionar a comunicação em saúde para o desenvolvimento de habilidades informacionais que permitam à população aprender a avaliar a veracidade e a relevância da informação recebida durante pandemia.

          Translated abstract

          Recent studies on COVID-19 have focused on the pandemic’s effects on public health and the biosafety controls and their socioeconomic implications. The current mixed-methods study takes a new look at the topic, combining qualitative and quantitative strategies to identify the social representations of media reception in a sector of the Colombian population during social isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that these representations vary and are associated with the media channel and the effect the reception produces on mood and mental health. A total of 80 interviews and 1,068 online survey forms were applied in different regions of Colombia. The qualitative phase showed that the programs or messages received were represented positively when they came from audiovisual entertainment and contributed to the family unit and reduced stress during the lockdown. Meanwhile, media reception was represented negatively when the messages or news came from journalism or social networks and increased the misinformation, anxiety, and fear of contagion. The quantitative phase found that media reception decreased as the lockdown continued, due to information saturation and the proliferation of news emphasizing the risks of COVID-19. The results reveal the need to focus health communication on the development of information skills that allow people to learn and assess the veracity and relevance of information received during the pandemic.

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          Most cited references33

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          Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

          Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p<0·0001), and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL (18·42, 2·64–128·55; p=0·0033) on admission. Median duration of viral shedding was 20·0 days (IQR 17·0–24·0) in survivors, but SARS-CoV-2 was detectable until death in non-survivors. The longest observed duration of viral shedding in survivors was 37 days. Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.
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            Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis

            Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak is evolving rapidly worldwide. Objective To evaluate the risk of serious adverse outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) by stratifying the comorbidity status. Methods We analysed the data from 1590 laboratory-confirmed hospitalised patients 575 hospitals in 31 province/autonomous regions/provincial municipalities across mainland China between December 11th, 2019 and January 31st, 2020. We analyse the composite endpoints, which consisted of admission to intensive care unit, or invasive ventilation, or death. The risk of reaching to the composite endpoints was compared according to the presence and number of comorbidities. Results The mean age was 48.9 years. 686 patients (42.7%) were females. Severe cases accounted for 16.0% of the study population. 131 (8.2%) patients reached to the composite endpoints. 399 (25.1%) reported having at least one comorbidity. The most prevalent comorbidity was hypertension (16.9%), followed by diabetes (8.2%). 130 (8.2%) patients reported having two or more comorbidities. After adjusting for age and smoking status, COPD [hazards ratio (HR) 2.681, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.424–5.048], diabetes (HR 1.59, 95%CI 1.03–2.45), hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07–2.32) and malignancy (HR 3.50, 95%CI 1.60–7.64) were risk factors of reaching to the composite endpoints. The HR was 1.79 (95%CI 1.16–2.77) among patients with at least one comorbidity and 2.59 (95%CI 1.61–4.17) among patients with two or more comorbidities. Conclusion Among laboratory-confirmed cases of Covid-19, patients with any comorbidity yielded poorer clinical outcomes than those without. A greater number of comorbidities also correlated with poorer clinical outcomes.
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              Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID-19 in Hong Kong

              Medical professionals caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at high risk of contracting the infection. 1 Aerosol-generating procedures, such as non-invasive ventilation (NIV), high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), bag-mask ventilation, and intubation are of particularly high risk. 2 We hereby describe the approach of our local intensive care unit (North District Hospital, Sheung Shui, Hong Kong) to managing the risks to health-care staff, while maintaining optimal and high-quality care. All medical personnel involved in the management of patients with suspected COVID-19 must adhere to airborne precautions, hand hygiene, and donning of personal protective equipment. All aerosol-generating procedures should be done in an airborne infection isolation room. Double-gloving, as a standard practice at our unit, might provide extra protection and minimise spreading via fomite contamination to the surrounding equipment after intubation. 3 An experiment with a mannikin showed that NIV or HFNC, when well applied with an optimal fit, only lead to minimal dispersion of exhaled air. 4 However, the specific NIV and HFNC models and modes tested in the study are not universally used across all hospitals. Therefore, to avoid confusion and potential harm, we do not recommend using NIV or HFNC until the patient is cleared of COVID-19. Airway devices providing 6 L/min or more of oxygen are considered high-flow 5 and we discourage their use if an airborne infection isolation room is unavailable. We recommend that endotracheal intubation is done by an expert specialised in the procedure, and early intubation should be considered in a patient with deteriorating respiratory condition. For all cases, backup airway plans should be ready. We recommend avoiding bag mask ventilation for as long as possible; and optimising preoxygenation with non-aerosol-generating means. Methods include the bed-up-head-elevated position, airway manoeuvres, use of a positive end expiratory pressure valve, and airway adjuncts. If manual bagging is required, we suggest gentle ventilation via a supraglottic device instead of bag mask ventilation. Although no robust evidence is available to show that the use of supraglottic devices are less aerosol-generating than BMV, the devices are easy to insert and can achieve sufficient seal pressure. They also help to spare manpower and thus reduce staff exposure. Furthermore, many newer generation supraglottic devices provide a conduit for unassisted intubation. To monitor the pattern of ventilation, a continuous waveform capnography monitoring device should be used; an advantage of this being that a correct waveform accurately reflects correct endotracheal tube placement. Furthermore, physiologically, it might give clues on the adequacy of the seal when using supraglottic devices. Rapid sequence induction is the technique of choice for emergency intubation. Some operators prefer rocuronium over suxamethonium for its longer half-life, which effectively prevents coughing or vomiting that might occur when the shorter acting muscle relaxant subsides after an unsuccessful first attempt. When rocuronium is used, a full 1·2 mg/kg intravenous dose should be administered to achieve a similar onset time to suxamethonium. Once an endotracheal tube is inserted, its cuff should be inflated immediately to avoid leakage. The endotracheal tube should be connected to the ventilator via a filter and a waveform capnography monitoring device, with ventilation only started after pilot balloon inflation is confirmed. The capnography monitoring device waveform can subsequently confirm the correct positioning of the endotracheal tube. Only then should the physician exclude bronchial intubation by five-point auscultation. © 2020 Conceptual Images/Science Photo Library 2020 Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2021
                : 37
                : 2
                : e00203520
                Affiliations
                [1] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameUniversidad Tecnológica de Bolívar Colombia
                [3] Popayán Valle del Cauca orgnameUniversidad del Cauca Colombia
                [2] Barranquilla Atlántico orgnameUniversidad Simón Bolívar Colombia
                Article
                S0102-311X2021000205010 S0102-311X(21)03700205010
                10.1590/0102-311x00203520
                01a92ec1-156c-43a8-a8cf-71a24ad07da6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 July 2020
                : 11 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 0

                Percepción Social,COVID-19,Quarantine,Communications Media,Social Perception,Quarentena,Meios de Comunicação,Percepção Social,Cuarentena,Medios de Comunicación

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