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      Porcine models of acute kidney injury

      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology
      Publisher: American Physiological Society

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          Abstract

          Pigs represent a potentially attractive model for medical research. Similar body size and physiological patterns of kidney injury that more closely mimic those described in humans make larger animals attractive for experimentation. Using larger animals, including pigs, to investigate the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) also serves as an experimental bridge, narrowing the gap between clinical disease and preclinical discoveries. This article compares the advantages and disadvantages of large versus small AKI animal models and provides a comprehensive overview of the development and application of porcine models of AKI induced by clinically relevant insults, including ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, and nephrotoxin exposure. The primary focus of this review is to evaluate the use of pigs for AKI studies by current investigators, including areas where more information is needed.

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          Most cited references142

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          Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients.

          Glenn Chertow, Elisabeth Burdick, Melissa M Honour … (2005)
          The marginal effects of acute kidney injury on in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs have not been well described. A consecutive sample of 19,982 adults who were admitted to an urban academic medical center, including 9210 who had two or more serum creatinine (SCr) determinations, was evaluated. The presence and degree of acute kidney injury were assessed using absolute and relative increases from baseline to peak SCr concentration during hospitalization. Large increases in SCr concentration were relatively rare (e.g., >or=2.0 mg/dl in 105 [1%] patients), whereas more modest increases in SCr were common (e.g., >or=0.5 mg/dl in 1237 [13%] patients). Modest changes in SCr were significantly associated with mortality, LOS, and costs, even after adjustment for age, gender, admission International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis, severity of illness (diagnosis-related group weight), and chronic kidney disease. For example, an increase in SCr >or=0.5 mg/dl was associated with a 6.5-fold (95% confidence interval 5.0 to 8.5) increase in the odds of death, a 3.5-d increase in LOS, and nearly 7500 dollars in excess hospital costs. Acute kidney injury is associated with significantly increased mortality, LOS, and costs across a broad spectrum of conditions. Moreover, outcomes are related directly to the severity of acute kidney injury, whether characterized by nominal or percentage changes in serum creatinine.
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            Of Mice and Not Men: Differences between Mouse and Human Immunology

            J. Mestas, C. C. W. Hughes (2004)
            Article 0 comments Cited 525 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury.

              Theodore Kalogeris, Christopher P. Baines, Maike Krenz … (2012)
              Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, continue to be among the most frequent causes of debilitating disease and death. Tissue injury and/or death occur as a result of the initial ischemic insult, which is determined primarily by the magnitude and duration of the interruption in the blood supply, and then subsequent damage induced by reperfusion. During prolonged ischemia, ATP levels and intracellular pH decrease as a result of anaerobic metabolism and lactate accumulation. As a consequence, ATPase-dependent ion transport mechanisms become dysfunctional, contributing to increased intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels (calcium overload), cell swelling and rupture, and cell death by necrotic, necroptotic, apoptotic, and autophagic mechanisms. Although oxygen levels are restored upon reperfusion, a surge in the generation of reactive oxygen species occurs and proinflammatory neutrophils infiltrate ischemic tissues to exacerbate ischemic injury. The pathologic events induced by I/R orchestrate the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which appears to represent a common end-effector of the pathologic events initiated by I/R. The aim of this treatise is to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying the development of I/R injury, from which it should be apparent that a combination of molecular and cellular approaches targeting multiple pathologic processes to limit the extent of I/R injury must be adopted to enhance resistance to cell death and increase regenerative capacity in order to effect long-lasting repair of ischemic tissues. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology
                Abbreviated Title: American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology
                Publisher: American Physiological Society
                ISSN (Print): 1931-857X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1522-1466
                Publication date Created: June 01 2021
                Publication date (Print): June 01 2021
                Volume: 320
                Issue: 6
                Pages: F1030-F1044
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
                [2 ]Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
                Article
                DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00022.2021
                SO-VID: f001d5e2-dd75-4c02-b711-6118f326e0db
                Copyright © © 2021
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