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      Efficacy of mirror therapy and virtual reality therapy in alleviating phantom limb pain: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

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          Abstract

          Amputations result from trauma, war, conflict, vascular diseases and cancer. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a potentially debilitating form of chronic pain affecting around 100 million amputees across the world. Mirror therapy and virtual reality (VR) are two commonly used treatments, and we evaluated their respective success rates.

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          Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.

          Julian P. T. Higgins, Simon Thompson, Jonathan Deeks … (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 10360 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

            Julian P. T. Higgins, Douglas G. Altman, Peter C. Gøtzsche … (2014)
            Flaws in the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of randomised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more accurate
            Article 0 comments Cited 7568 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis.

              Julian P T Higgins, Simon G Thompson (2002)
              The extent of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis partly determines the difficulty in drawing overall conclusions. This extent may be measured by estimating a between-study variance, but interpretation is then specific to a particular treatment effect metric. A test for the existence of heterogeneity exists, but depends on the number of studies in the meta-analysis. We develop measures of the impact of heterogeneity on a meta-analysis, from mathematical criteria, that are independent of the number of studies and the treatment effect metric. We derive and propose three suitable statistics: H is the square root of the chi2 heterogeneity statistic divided by its degrees of freedom; R is the ratio of the standard error of the underlying mean from a random effects meta-analysis to the standard error of a fixed effect meta-analytic estimate, and I2 is a transformation of (H) that describes the proportion of total variation in study estimates that is due to heterogeneity. We discuss interpretation, interval estimates and other properties of these measures and examine them in five example data sets showing different amounts of heterogeneity. We conclude that H and I2, which can usually be calculated for published meta-analyses, are particularly useful summaries of the impact of heterogeneity. One or both should be presented in published meta-analyses in preference to the test for heterogeneity. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMJ Mil Health
                Title: BMJ military health
                Publisher: BMJ
                ISSN (Electronic): 2633-3775
                ISSN (Print): 2633-3767
                Publication date (Electronic): Apr 2022
                Volume: 168
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Greater London, UK.
                [2 ] Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Greater London, UK pankaj.sharma@rhul.ac.uk.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: bmjmilitary-2021-002018
                DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002018
                PubMed ID: 35042760
                SO-VID: 00e9bf21-d99b-4f32-a812-c43c25c556b6
                History

                Keywords: rehabilitation medicine,limb reconstruction,pain management,public health
                Data availability:
                Keywords: rehabilitation medicine, limb reconstruction, pain management, public health

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