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      • Record: found
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      The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

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          Abstract

          Flaws in the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of randomised trials can cause the effect of an intervention to be underestimated or overestimated. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias aims to make the process clearer and more accurate

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          Most cited references11

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          Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials.

          P Jüni, D Altman, M. Egger (2001)
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            The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis.

            Peter Jüni (1999)
            Although it is widely recommended that clinical trials undergo some type of quality review, the number and variety of quality assessment scales that exist make it unclear how to achieve the best assessment. To determine whether the type of quality assessment scale used affects the conclusions of meta-analytic studies. Meta-analysis of 17 trials comparing low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with standard heparin for prevention of postoperative thrombosis using 25 different scales to identify high-quality trials. The association between treatment effect and summary scores and the association with 3 key domains (concealment of treatment allocation, blinding of outcome assessment, and handling of withdrawals) were examined in regression models. Pooled relative risks of deep vein thrombosis with LMWH vs standard heparin in high-quality vs low-quality trials as determined by 25 quality scales. Pooled relative risks from high-quality trials ranged from 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.90) to 0.90 (95% CI, 0.67-1.21) vs 0.52 (95% CI, 0.24-1.09) to 1.13 (95% CI, 0.70-1.82) for low-quality trials. For 6 scales, relative risks of high-quality trials were close to unity, indicating that LMWH was not significantly superior to standard heparin, whereas low-quality trials showed better protection with LMWH (P<.05). Seven scales showed the opposite: high quality trials showed an effect whereas low quality trials did not. For the remaining 12 scales, effect estimates were similar in the 2 quality strata. In regression analysis, summary quality scores were not significantly associated with treatment effects. There was no significant association of treatment effects with allocation concealment and handling of withdrawals. Open outcome assessment, however, influenced effect size with the effect of LMWH, on average, being exaggerated by 35% (95% CI, 1%-57%; P= .046). Our data indicate that the use of summary scores to identify trials of high quality is problematic. Relevant methodological aspects should be assessed individually and their influence on effect sizes explored.
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              Bias in clinical intervention research.

              Lise Lotte Gluud (2006)
              Research on bias in clinical trials may help identify some of the reasons why investigators sometimes reach the wrong conclusions about intervention effects. Several quality components for the assessment of bias control have been suggested, but although they seem intrinsically valid, empirical evidence is needed to evaluate their effects on the extent and direction of bias. This narrative review summarizes the findings of methodological studies on the influence of bias in clinical trials. A number of methodological studies suggest that lack of adequate randomization in published trial reports may be associated with more positive estimates of intervention effects. The influence of double-blinding and follow-up is less clear. Several studies have found a significant association between funding sources and pro-industry conclusions. However, the methodological studies also show that bias is difficult to detect and appraise. The extent of bias in individual trials is unpredictable. A-priori exclusion of trials with certain characteristics is not recommended. Appraising bias control in individual trials is necessary to avoid making incorrect conclusions about intervention effects.
              Article 0 comments Cited 188 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: senior statistician
                : Role: director
                : Role: director
                : Role: head of division
                : Role: senior scientist
                : Role: senior researcher
                : Role: postdoctoral fellow
                : Role: vice president
                : Role: research associate
                : Role: professor of medical statistics and epidemiology
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMJ
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bmj
                Title: BMJ : British Medical Journal
                Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0959-8138
                ISSN (Electronic): 1468-5833
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Print): 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2011
                Volume: 343
                Electronic Location Identifier: d5928
                Affiliations
                [1 ]MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
                [2 ]Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
                [3 ]The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
                [4 ]Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
                [5 ]Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
                [6 ]Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
                [7 ]Preventive and International Health Care Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
                [8 ]Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
                [9 ]FHI, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: J P T Higgins julian.higgins@ 123456mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk .
                Article
                Publisher ID: higj860676
                DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d5928
                PMC ID: 3196245
                PubMed ID: 22008217
                SO-VID: 2f4dc86a-ca60-4c3f-9f4b-582955dcdcc7
                Copyright © © Higgins et al 2011
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

                History
                Date accepted : 22 July 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research Methods & Reporting

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

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