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      Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses.

      Neuron
      Action Potentials, physiology, radiation effects, Adenosine, pharmacology, Adenosine Triphosphate, analogs & derivatives, metabolism, Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide), Anesthetics, Local, Animals, Antibodies, Astrocytes, Axons, drug effects, Azo Compounds, diagnostic use, Blotting, Western, methods, Cell Communication, Cell Count, Cells, Cultured, Cerebral Cortex, cytology, Coculture Techniques, DNA-Binding Proteins, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drosophila Proteins, Drug Interactions, Electric Stimulation, Embryo, Mammalian, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Ganglia, Spinal, Gene Expression, Immunohistochemistry, Interleukin-6, immunology, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, Mice, Models, Biological, Myelin Basic Protein, Myelin Proteins, Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein, Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein, Neurons, O Antigens, Oligodendroglia, RNA, Messenger, biosynthesis, Rats, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Stem Cells, Tetrodotoxin, Thionucleotides, Time Factors

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          Abstract

          Myelin, the insulating layers of membrane wrapped around axons by oligodendrocytes, is essential for normal impulse conduction. It forms during late stages of fetal development but continues into early adult life. Myelination correlates with cognitive development and can be regulated by impulse activity through unknown molecular mechanisms. Astrocytes do not form myelin, but these nonneuronal cells can promote myelination in ways that are not understood. Here, we identify a link between myelination, astrocytes, and electrical impulse activity in axons that is mediated by the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). These findings show that LIF is released by astrocytes in response to ATP liberated from axons firing action potentials, and LIF promotes myelination by mature oligodendrocytes. This activity-dependent mechanism promoting myelination could regulate myelination according to functional activity or environmental experience and may offer new approaches to treating demyelinating diseases.

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