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      Training induces changes in white matter architecture

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          Abstract

          Although experience-dependent structural changes have been demonstrated in adult gray matter, there is little evidence for such changes in white matter. Using diffusion imaging, we detected a localised increase in fractional anisotropy, a measure of microstructure, in white matter underlying the intraparietal sulcus, following training of a complex visuo-motor skill. This provides the first evidence for training related changes in white matter structure in the healthy human adult brain.

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          White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders.

          R. Douglas Fields (2008)
          White matter is the brain region underlying the gray matter cortex, composed of neuronal fibers coated with electrical insulation called myelin. Previously of interest in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, myelin is attracting new interest as an unexpected contributor to a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. This is stimulating research into myelin involvement in normal cognitive function, learning and IQ. Myelination continues for decades in the human brain; it is modifiable by experience, and it affects information processing by regulating the velocity and synchrony of impulse conduction between distant cortical regions. Cell-culture studies have identified molecular mechanisms regulating myelination by electrical activity, and myelin also limits the critical period for learning through inhibitory proteins that suppress axon sprouting and synaptogenesis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 400 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses.

            Tomoko ISHIBASHI, Kelly Dakin, Beth Stevens … (2006)
            Myelin, the insulating layers of membrane wrapped around axons by oligodendrocytes, is essential for normal impulse conduction. It forms during late stages of fetal development but continues into early adult life. Myelination correlates with cognitive development and can be regulated by impulse activity through unknown molecular mechanisms. Astrocytes do not form myelin, but these nonneuronal cells can promote myelination in ways that are not understood. Here, we identify a link between myelination, astrocytes, and electrical impulse activity in axons that is mediated by the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). These findings show that LIF is released by astrocytes in response to ATP liberated from axons firing action potentials, and LIF promotes myelination by mature oligodendrocytes. This activity-dependent mechanism promoting myelination could regulate myelination according to functional activity or environmental experience and may offer new approaches to treating demyelinating diseases.
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              Temporal and spatial dynamics of brain structure changes during extensive learning.

              Bogdan Draganski, Christian Gaser, Gerd Kempermann … (2006)
              The current view regarding human long-term memory as an active process of encoding and retrieval includes a highly specific learning-induced functional plasticity in a network of multiple memory systems. Voxel-based morphometry was used to detect possible structural brain changes associated with learning. Magnetic resonance images were obtained at three different time points while medical students learned for their medical examination. During the learning period, the gray matter increased significantly in the posterior and lateral parietal cortex bilaterally. These structural changes did not change significantly toward the third scan during the semester break 3 months after the exam. The posterior hippocampus showed a different pattern over time: the initial increase in gray matter during the learning period was even more pronounced toward the third time point. These results indicate that the acquisition of a great amount of highly abstract information may be related to a particular pattern of structural gray matter changes in particular brain areas.
              Article 0 comments Cited 167 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 9809671
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 21092
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat. Neurosci.
                Title: Nature neuroscience
                ISSN (Print): 1097-6256
                ISSN (Electronic): 1546-1726
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 30 September 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 October 2009
                Publication date (Print): November 2009
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 May 2010
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 1370-1371
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Oxford, UK
                [2 ]Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Fax: +44 1865 222717. jscholz@ 123456fmrib.ox.ac.uk (J. Scholz).

                Author contributions

                J.S. and H.J-B. designed the study. J.S. and M.C.K. collected and analysed the data. H.J.B. supervised the project. T.E.J.B. provided assistance with data analysis and interpretation. J.S. wrote the manuscript and all authors edited the manuscript.

                Article
                Manuscript ID: UKMS27837
                DOI: 10.1038/nn.2412
                PMC ID: 2770457
                PubMed ID: 19820707
                SO-VID: 48fba2eb-02ba-435c-ac2f-783a38e0f983
                License:

                Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Wellcome Trust :
                Award ID: 078204 || WT
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

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