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      Methods for Assessing Long-Term Exposures to Outdoor Air Pollutants

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      Author(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Current Environmental Health Reports
      Publisher: Springer International Publishing
      Keywords: Outdoor air pollution, Exposure, Fine particle, Model, Satellite

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          Abstract

          Purpose of Review

          Epidemiological studies of health effects of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution rely on different exposure assessment methods. This review discusses widely used methods with a special focus on new developments.

          Recent Findings

          New data and study designs have been applied, including satellite measurements of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). The methods to apply satellite data for epidemiological studies are improving rapidly and have already contributed significantly to national-, continental- and global-scale models. Spatiotemporal models have been developed allowing more detailed temporal resolution compared to spatial models. The development of hybrid models combining dispersion models, satellite observations, land use and surface monitoring has improved models substantially. Mobile monitoring designs to develop models for long-term UFP exposure have been conducted.

          Summary

          Methods to assess long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution have improved significantly over the past decade. Application of satellite data and mobile monitoring designs is promising new methods.

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          Most cited references85

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          Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project

          Rob Beelen, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Massimo Stafoggia … (2014)
          Few studies on long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality have been reported from Europe. Within the multicentre European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), we aimed to investigate the association between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to several air pollutants. We used data from 22 European cohort studies, which created a total study population of 367,251 participants. All cohorts were general population samples, although some were restricted to one sex only. With a strictly standardised protocol, we assessed residential exposure to air pollutants as annual average concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with diameters of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), less than 10 μm (PM10), and between 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance, and annual average concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx), with land use regression models. We also investigated two traffic intensity variables-traffic intensity on the nearest road (vehicles per day) and total traffic load on all major roads within a 100 m buffer. We did cohort-specific statistical analyses using confounder models with increasing adjustment for confounder variables, and Cox proportional hazards models with a common protocol. We obtained pooled effect estimates through a random-effects meta-analysis. The total study population consisted of 367,251 participants who contributed 5,118,039 person-years at risk (average follow-up 13.9 years), of whom 29,076 died from a natural cause during follow-up. A significantly increased hazard ratio (HR) for PM2.5 of 1.07 (95% CI 1.02-1.13) per 5 μg/m(3) was recorded. No heterogeneity was noted between individual cohort effect estimates (I(2) p value=0.95). HRs for PM2.5 remained significantly raised even when we included only participants exposed to pollutant concentrations lower than the European annual mean limit value of 25 μg/m(3) (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.12) or below 20 μg/m(3) (1.07, 1.01-1.13). Long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution was associated with natural-cause mortality, even within concentration ranges well below the present European annual mean limit value. European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2011). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 387 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution.

            Michael Brauer, Markus Amann, Rick T. Burnett … (2012)
            Ambient air pollution is associated with numerous adverse health impacts. Previous assessments of global attributable disease burden have been limited to urban areas or by coarse spatial resolution of concentration estimates. Recent developments in remote sensing, global chemical-transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements facilitate virtually complete spatially resolved global air pollutant concentration estimates. We combined these data to generate global estimates of long-term average ambient concentrations of fine particles (PM(2.5)) and ozone at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for 1990 and 2005. In 2005, 89% of the world's population lived in areas where the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m(3) PM(2.5) (annual average) was exceeded. Globally, 32% of the population lived in areas exceeding the WHO Level 1 Interim Target of 35 μg/m(3), driven by high proportions in East (76%) and South (26%) Asia. The highest seasonal ozone levels were found in North and Latin America, Europe, South and East Asia, and parts of Africa. Between 1990 and 2005 a 6% increase in global population-weighted PM(2.5) and a 1% decrease in global population-weighted ozone concentrations was apparent, highlighted by increased concentrations in East, South, and Southeast Asia and decreases in North America and Europe. Combined with spatially resolved population distributions, these estimates expand the evaluation of the global health burden associated with outdoor air pollution.
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              A review of land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution

              Gerard Hoek, Rob Beelen, Kees de Hoogh … (2008)
              Article 0 comments Cited 217 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gerard Hoek: +31 30 2539498 , g.hoek@uu.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Environ Health Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Environ Health Rep
                Title: Current Environmental Health Reports
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2196-5412
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 October 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 450-462
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000000120346234, GRID grid.5477.1, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), ; PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 169
                DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0169-5
                PMC ID: 5676801
                PubMed ID: 29064065
                SO-VID: 10691dce-5b5a-4098-8a7e-3f6034acac57
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Utrecht University
                Categories
                Subject: Air Pollution and Health (S Adar and B Hoffmann, Section Editors)
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2017

                Keywords: outdoor air pollution,exposure,fine particle,model,satellite
                Data availability:
                Keywords: outdoor air pollution, exposure, fine particle, model, satellite

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