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      Melanin in fungi: advances in structure, biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering

      review-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,
      Microbial Cell Factories
      BioMed Central
      Melanin, Structure elucidation, Regulatory network, Production, Bioengineering

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          Abstract

          Fungi can synthesize a diverse range of melanins with appropriate physicochemical and biological characteristics for numerous applications in health, environmental protection, energy, and industry. Gaining deeper insights into the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of fungal melanin would establish a basis for metabolic engineering approaches, aimed at enhancing production efficiency and creating custom-designed melanin with desirable material properties. Due to growing interest in their beneficial effects and applications, research on the structure, biosynthesis, and regulation of fungal melanin has significantly advanced. This review highlighted recent progress in fungal melanin production and applications, concentrating on structure, biosynthesis, and regulatory networks, and suggested how an improved understanding of melanin biosynthesis could enable efficient production for future applications.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-024-02614-8.

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          Most cited references207

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          A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors

          Abstract Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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            The Fungal Cell Wall: Candida , Cryptococcus , and Aspergillus Species

            The fungal cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and is the cell compartment that mediates all the relationships of the cell with the environment. It protects the contents of the cell, gives rigidity and defines the cellular structure. The cell wall is a skeleton with high plasticity that protects the cell from different stresses, among which osmotic changes stand out. The cell wall allows interaction with the external environment since some of its proteins are adhesins and receptors. Since, some components have a high immunogenic capacity, certain wall components can drive the host’s immune response to promote fungus growth and dissemination. The cell wall is a characteristic structure of fungi and is composed mainly of glucans, chitin and glycoproteins. As the components of the fungal cell wall are not present in humans, this structure is an excellent target for antifungal therapy. In this article, we review recent data on the composition and synthesis, influence of the components of the cell wall in fungi-host interaction and the role as a target for the next generation of antifungal drugs in yeasts (Candida and Cryptococcus) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus).
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              Melanosomes--dark organelles enlighten endosomal membrane transport.

              Melanosomes are tissue-specific lysosome-related organelles of pigment cells in which melanins are synthesized and stored. Analyses of the trafficking and fate of melanosomal components are beginning to reveal how melanosomes are formed through novel pathways from early endosomal intermediates. These studies unveil generalized structural and functional modifications of the endosomal system in specialized cells, and provide unexpected insights into the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and how compartmentalization regulates protein refolding. Moreover, genetic disorders that affect the biogenesis of melanosomes and other lysosome-related organelles have shed light onto the molecular machinery that controls specialized endosomal sorting events.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yuxianxia@cqu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Microb Cell Fact
                Microb Cell Fact
                Microbial Cell Factories
                BioMed Central (London )
                1475-2859
                19 December 2024
                19 December 2024
                2024
                : 23
                : 334
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, ( https://ror.org/023rhb549) Chongqing, 401331 China
                [2 ]Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, 401331 China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, ( https://ror.org/031nm5713) Chongqing, 401331 China
                Article
                2614
                10.1186/s12934-024-02614-8
                11657710
                39696244
                ffebf43f-f439-4194-9c07-9eef71d0cc8b
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

                History
                : 17 August 2023
                : 3 December 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: the Technology Innovation and Application Development Project of Chongqing
                Award ID: CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0045
                Funded by: the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
                Award ID: 2023CDJKYJH043
                Award ID: 2024CDJXY016
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024

                Biotechnology
                melanin,structure elucidation,regulatory network,production,bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                melanin, structure elucidation, regulatory network, production, bioengineering

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