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      Association between tobacco exposure and bladder cancer recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          However, the connection between smoking and the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer remains unclear.

          AIM

          To determine whether smoking is linked to the recurrence and progression of bladder cancer.

          METHODS

          As of July 20, 2022, relevant English-language research was identified by searching PubMed, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. We pooled the available data from the included studies using a random effects model. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also conducted.

          RESULTS

          A total of 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The combined analysis revealed that tobacco exposure was associated with a significantly greater recurrence rate than nonsmoking status [odd ratios (OR) = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.84-2.93], and the progression of bladder cancer was significantly greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.02-1.44). Stratified analysis further revealed that current smokers were more likely to experience relapse than never-smokers were (OR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.11-3.07). Former smokers also had a greater risk of relapse than did never-smokers (OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.09-2.73). Subgroup analysis indicated that non-Caucasians may be more susceptible to bladder cancer recurrence than Caucasians are (OR = 2.13, 95%CI: 1.74-2.61).

          CONCLUSION

          This meta-analysis revealed that tobacco exposure may be a significant risk factor for both the recurrence and progression of bladder cancer.

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          Most cited references33

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          The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

          Matthew J L Page, Joanne E McKenzie, Patrick Bossuyt … (2025)
          The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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            Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Overview and Recent Trends.

            Sebastien Antoni, Jacques Ferlay, Isabelle Soerjomataram … (2017)
            Bladder cancer has become a common cancer globally, with an estimated 430 000 new cases diagnosed in 2012.
            Article 0 comments Cited 628 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women.

              Neal Freedman, Debra Silverman, Albert R Hollenbeck … (2011)
              Previous studies indicate that the population attributable risk (PAR) of bladder cancer for tobacco smoking is 50% to 65% in men and 20% to 30% in women and that current cigarette smoking triples bladder cancer risk relative to never smoking. During the last 30 years, incidence rates have remained stable in the United States in men (123.8 per 100,000 person-years to 142.2 per 100,000 person-years) and women (32.5 per 100,000 person-years to 33.2 per 100,000 person-years); however, changing smoking prevalence and cigarette composition warrant revisiting risk estimates for smoking and bladder cancer. To evaluate the association between tobacco smoking and bladder cancer. Men (n = 281,394) and women (n = 186,134) of the National Institutes of Health-AARP (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort completed a lifestyle questionnaire and were followed up between October 25, 1995, and December 31, 2006. Previous prospective cohort studies of smoking and incident bladder cancer were identified by systematic review and relative risks were estimated from fixed-effects models with heterogeneity assessed by the I(2) statistic. Hazard ratios (HRs), PARs, and number needed to harm (NNH). During 4,518,941 person-years of follow-up, incident bladder cancer occurred in 3896 men (144.0 per 100,000 person-years) and 627 women (34.5 per 100,000 person-years). Former smokers (119.8 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-2.44; NNH, 1250) and current smokers (177.3 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.66-4.50; NNH, 727) had higher risks of bladder cancer than never smokers (39.8 per 100,000 person-years). In contrast, the summary risk estimate for current smoking in 7 previous studies (initiated between 1963 and 1987) was 2.94 (95% CI, 2.45-3.54; I(2) = 0.0%). The PAR for ever smoking in our study was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.54) in men and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.45-0.59) in women. Compared with a pooled estimate of US data from cohorts initiated between 1963 and 1987, relative risks for smoking in the more recent NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort were higher, with PARs for women comparable with those for men.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lei Xiang
                Qi-Qi Xie
                Si-Si Xu
                Wen-Jie Ruan
                Dong-Hui Xu
                Yao-Yao Gan
                Jia Zuo
                Wen-Jun Xu
                Zhi-Peng Li
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Methodol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJM
                Title: World Journal of Methodology
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                ISSN (Electronic): 2222-0682
                Publication date Collection: 20 June 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 June 2024
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 91889
                Affiliations
                Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
                School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China. lzpzhonghong@ 123456126.com
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Xiang L wrote the original draft; Xie QQ performed the methodology, software and data organization; Xu SS and Ruan WJ performed the data curation; Xu DH, Gan YY, Zuo J and Xu WJ formally analyzed and wrote the original manuscript; Li ZP for conceptualization, writing, reviewing and editing. All the authors participated in drafting the manuscript, and all the authors read, contributed to, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

                Corresponding author: Zhi-Peng Li, MD, Senior Editor, Surgeon, Teacher, School of medicine, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Avenue, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China. lzpzhonghong@ 123456126.com

                Article
                Other ID: jWJM.v14.i2.eid91889 Publisher-manuscript ID: 91889
                DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i2.91889
                PMC ID: 11229875
                PubMed ID: 38983655
                SO-VID: ff5c3137-add3-4fe7-9f56-0ad4e0b8cb44
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

                History
                Date received : 8 January 2024
                Date revision received : 10 February 2024
                Date accepted : 28 March 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Meta-Analysis

                Keywords: smoking,bladder,cancer,recurrence,progress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: smoking, bladder, cancer, recurrence, progress

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