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      Caracterización morfológica y bioquímica de Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2, bacteria patógena en cultivos de banano y plátano en El Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador

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          Abstract

          Resumen Las musáceas son muy importantes para la alimentación a escala mundial. En el Ecuador, estas ocupan el 20,57 % de la superficie plantada, siendo el cantón El Carmen uno de los principales sitios dedicados a esta explotación. Por otra parte, Ralstonia solanacearum es la causante de la enfermedad conocida como moko de plátano, la cual puede desaparecer el 100 % de una plantación. Por ello se realizó una caracterización morfológica y bioquímica de R. solanacearum raza 2, bacteria patógena en cultivos de banano y plátano en El Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador, con la finalidad de identificar y determinar las características, que confirmen la presencia del patógeno etiológico de la enfermedad presente en la mencionada zona. El análisis morfológico y bioquímico se realizó en laboratorio, las muestras fueron tomadas de plantaciones de plátano y banano (suelo y pseudotallo) con síntomas del moko. Como resultado, se identificó virulencia en la mitad de las muestras, se confirmó que la bacteria es Gram negativa, en forma de bacilo, positiva a catalasa, indol negativa, con carácter oxidativo y fermentativo de lactosa y glucosa, sin presencia de ácido sulfhídrico, incapaz de hidrolizar almidón, en cultivo in vitro; se confirmó que la temperatura de 4 °C y pH de 4,5 inhiben el aumento de sus poblaciones, sin embargo, los rangos de 25 y 37 °C con pH de 6,5 a 8,5 no resultaron ser restrictivos para su propagación; por ello, se afirma que El Carmen cumple con los estándares requeridos para que el patógeno prolifere de manera óptima.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The musaceae are very important for food worldwide, in Ecuador they occupy 20,57% of the planted area, being the canton El Carmen one of the main sites dedicated to this exploitation. On the other hand, Ralstonia solanacearum, is the cause of the moko disease in platain, which can wipe out 100% of a plantation. Therefore, a morphological and biochemical characterization of R. solanacearum Race 2, pathogenic bacterium in banana and plantain crops in El Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador, was carried out in order to identify and determine the characteristics that confirm the presence of the etiological pathogen of the disease present in the mentioned area. The morphological and biochemical analysis was carried out at laboratory level; the samples were taken from plantain and banana plantations (soil and pseudo-stem), with symptoms of moko disease. As a result, virulence was identified in half of the samples. It was also confirmed that the bacterium is Gram negative, in its bacillus form, catalase positive, indole negative, with an oxidative and fermentative character of lactose and glucose, without presence of hydrogen sulfide, unable to hydrolyze starch in vitro culture. It was confirmed that the temperature of 4°C and pH of 4,5 inhibit the increase of its populations; however, the ranges of 25 and 37°C with pH of 6,5 to 8,5 did not prove to be restrictive for its propagation; therefore, it is affirmed that El Carmen meets the required standards for the t pathogen o proliferate optimally.

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          Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology.

          Many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. However, to our knowledge, no such list exists. The aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated 458 votes from the international community, and allowed the construction of a Top 10 bacterial plant pathogen list. The list includes, in rank order: (1) Pseudomonas syringae pathovars; (2) Ralstonia solanacearum; (3) Agrobacterium tumefaciens; (4) Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae; (5) Xanthomonas campestris pathovars; (6) Xanthomonas axonopodis pathovars; (7) Erwinia amylovora; (8) Xylella fastidiosa; (9) Dickeya (dadantii and solani); (10) Pectobacterium carotovorum (and Pectobacterium atrosepticum). Bacteria garnering honourable mentions for just missing out on the Top 10 include Clavibacter michiganensis (michiganensis and sepedonicus), Pseudomonas savastanoi and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. This review article presents a short section on each bacterium in the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intention of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant bacteriology community, as well as laying down a benchmark. It will be interesting to see, in future years, how perceptions change and which bacterial pathogens enter and leave the Top 10. © 2012 The Authors. Molecular Plant Pathology © 2012 BSPP and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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            The relationship of pathogenicity of Pseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance in a tetrazolium medium

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              Soil Acidification Aggravates the Occurrence of Bacterial Wilt in South China

              Soil acidification is a major problem in modern agricultural systems and is an important factor affecting the soil microbial community and soil health. However, little is known about the effect of soil acidification on soil-borne plant diseases. We performed a 4-year investigation in South China to evaluate the correlation between soil acidification and the occurrence of bacterial wilt. The results showed that the average soil pH in fields infected by bacterial wilt disease was much lower than that in non-disease fields. Moreover, the proportion of infected soils with pH lower than 5.5 was much higher than that of non-infected soils, and this phenomenon became more obvious as the area of bacterial wilt disease increased at soil pH lower than 5.5 from 2011 to 2014. Then, in a field pot experiment, bacterial wilt disease developed more quickly and severely in acidic conditions of pH 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. These results indicate that soil acidification can cause the outbreak of bacterial wilt disease. Further experiments showed that acidic conditions (pH 4.5–5.5) favored the growth of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum but suppressed the growth and antagonistic activity of antagonistic bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus. Moreover, acidic conditions of pH 5.5 were conducive to the expression of the virulence genes PopA, PrhA, and SolR but restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco. Finally, application of wood ash and lime as soil pH amendments improved soil pH and reduced the occurrence of bacterial wilt. Together, these findings improve our understanding of the correlation between soil acidification and soil-borne plant diseases and also suggest that regulation of soil acidification is the precondition and foundation of controlling bacterial wilt.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                siembra
                Siembra
                Siembra
                Universidad Central del Ecuador (Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador )
                2477-8850
                June 2023
                : 10
                : 1
                : e4305
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de Rusia de la Amistad de los Pueblos-RUDN University Federación de Rusia
                [5] orgnameUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE Ecuador
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE Ecuador
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Rusia de la Amistad de los Pueblos-RUDN University Federación de Rusia
                [4] orgnameUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE Ecuador
                Article
                S2477-88502023000100010 S2477-8850(23)01000100010
                10.29166/siembra.v10i1.4305
                ff251245-7f87-471f-bca3-5f01290c2ce0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 January 2023
                : 06 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 0
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                Ralstonia solanacearum,characterization,moko disease in plantain,bacterial morphology,virulence,identificar características,moko del plátano,morfología bacteriana,virulencia

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