64
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      CARACTERIZACIÓN molecular de AISLAMIENTOS DE Cladosporium fulvum Cooke PROVENIENTES DE TOMATE EN CONDICIONES DE CULTIVO PROTEGIDO Translated title: MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Cladosporium fulvum Cooke ISOLATES FROM TOMATO IN SHELTERED CROP CONDITIONS

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          El moho de la hoja, causado por el hongo Cladosporium fulvum Cooke, es una enfermedad muy común y destructiva en el cultivo del tomate. Aunque existen cultivares portadores de uno o más genes de resistencia, el hecho de que el hongo muta fácilmente trae como consecuencia un uso limitado de los mismos. De ahí que, el conocimiento de las poblaciones del patógeno contribuye a los esfuerzos realizados en el programa de mejoramiento y al desarrollo de estrategias que alarguen la vida útil de los materiales obtenidos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la caracterización molecular de 37 aislados de C. fulvum provenientes de plantas de tomate de diferentes localidades. La caracterización incluyó la identificación de los aislamientos por la amplificación de la región 28S del gen que codifica para el ARNr, la PCR con cebadores específicos dirigidos a diferentes genes relacionados con la patogenicidad (Avr2, Avr4, Avr4E, Avr9, Ecp1, Ecp2, Ecp4 y Ecp5) y los RAPDs. Todos los aislados fueron clasificados como C. fulvum. Ningún aislado amplificó para el gen Avr9, aunque se encontraron elevados porcentajes de amplificación para los genes Avr2, Avr4 y Avr4E. La virulencia de las razas 2, 4, y 2.4 está más relacionada con la presencia de la proteína Ecp2 (100%) que con la Ecp1. Todos los marcadores empleados confirmaron un elevado nivel de variabilidad molecular, aunque en ninguno de los casos hubo relación con el origen geográfico.

          Translated abstract

          The leaf mold caused by Cladosporium fulvum Cooke, is a very common and destructive disease in the tomato crop. Although there are cultivars with one or more resistance genes, the fact that the fungus has a very high mutation level, results in a limited use of such materials. For that reason, the knowledge of the pathogen populations contributes to the breeding program efforts to develope strategies to extent the useful life of the materials obtained. The objective of this work was the molecular characterization of the variability in a group of C. fulvum isolates from tomato plants. The molecular characterization was carried out for 37 isolates, including identification by the 28S region encoding for RNAr amplification, PCR with specific primers directed to different genes related to pathogenicity (Avr2, Avr4, Avr4E, Avr9, Ecp1, Ecp2, Ecp4 y Ecp5) and RAPDs. All the isolates were classified as C. fulvum. Any of them amplified for the Avr9 gene, although there were high amplification percentages for the Avr2, Avr4 and Avr4E genes. The virulence of the races 2, 4, and 2.4 were more related to the presence of the Ecp2 protein (100%) than to Ecp1. All the markers used confirmed a high level of molecular variability, although no relation the geographical origin was found.

          Related collections

          Most cited references35

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 protects fungal cell walls against hydrolysis by plant chitinases accumulating during infection.

          Resistance against the leaf mold fungus Cladosporium fulvum is mediated by the tomato Cf proteins which belong to the class of receptor-like proteins and indirectly recognize extracellular avirulence proteins (Avrs) of the fungus. Apart from triggering disease resistance, Avrs are believed to play a role in pathogenicity or virulence of C. fulvum. Here, we report on the avirulence protein Avr4, which is a chitin-binding lectin containing an invertebrate chitin-binding domain (CBM14). This domain is found in many eukaryotes, but has not yet been described in fungal or plant genomes. We found that interaction of Avr4 with chitin is specific, because it does not interact with other cell wall polysaccharides. Avr4 binds to chitin oligomers with a minimal length of three N-acetyl glucosamine residues. In vitro, Avr4 protects chitin against hydrolysis by plant chitinases. Avr4 also binds to chitin in cell walls of the fungi Trichoderma viride and Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli and protects these fungi against normally deleterious concentrations of plant chitinases. In situ fluorescence studies showed that Avr4 also binds to cell walls of C. fulvum during infection of tomato, where it most likely protects the fungus against tomato chitinases, suggesting that Avr4 is a counter-defensive virulence factor.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The novel Cladosporium fulvum lysin motif effector Ecp6 is a virulence factor with orthologues in other fungal species.

            During tomato leaf colonization, the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum secretes several effector proteins into the apoplast. Eight effectors have previously been characterized and show no significant homology to each other or to other fungal genes. To discover novel C. fulvum effectors that might play a role in virulence, we utilized two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) to visualize proteins secreted during C. fulvum-tomato interactions. Three novel C. fulvum proteins were identified: CfPhiA, Ecp6 and Ecp7. CfPhiA shows homology to proteins found on fungal sporogenous cells called phialides. Ecp6 contains lysin motifs (LysM domains) that are recognized as carbohydrate-binding modules. Ecp7 encodes a small, cysteine-rich protein with no homology to known proteins. Heterologous expression of Ecp6 significantly increased the virulence of the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum on tomato. Furthermore, by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing we demonstrate that Ecp6 is instrumental for C. fulvum virulence on tomato. Hardly any allelic variation was observed in the Ecp6 coding region of a worldwide collection of C. fulvum strains. Although none of the C. fulvum effectors identified so far have obvious orthologues in other organisms, conserved Ecp6 orthologues were identified in various fungal species. Homology-based modelling suggests that the LysM domains of C. fulvum Ecp6 may be involved in chitin binding.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Fungal effector proteins: past, present and future.

              The pioneering research of Harold Flor on flax and the flax rust fungus culminated in his gene-for-gene hypothesis. It took nearly 50 years before the first fungal avirulence (Avr) gene in support of his hypothesis was cloned. Initially, fungal Avr genes were identified by reverse genetics and map-based cloning from model organisms, but, currently, the availability of many sequenced fungal genomes allows their cloning from additional fungi by a combination of comparative and functional genomics. It is believed that most Avr genes encode effectors that facilitate virulence by suppressing pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and induce effector-triggered immunity in plants containing cognate resistance proteins. In resistant plants, effectors are directly or indirectly recognized by cognate resistance proteins that reside either on the plasma membrane or inside the plant cell. Indirect recognition of an effector (also known as the guard model) implies that the virulence target of an effector in the host (the guardee) is guarded by the resistance protein (the guard) that senses manipulation of the guardee, leading to activation of effector-triggered immunity. In this article, we review the literature on fungal effectors and some pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including those of some fungi for which no gene-for-gene relationship has been established.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpv
                Revista de Protección Vegetal
                Rev. Protección Veg.
                Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (La Habana, , Cuba )
                1010-2752
                2224-4697
                April 2011
                : 26
                : 1
                : 5-14
                Affiliations
                [01] Mayabeque orgnameCentro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria Cuba
                [02] Villa Clara orgnameUniversidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Cuba
                Article
                S1010-27522011000100002 S1010-2752(11)02600102
                ff68ed43-e9c2-438c-acac-9c340aa0da62

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 May 2010
                : 10 June 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                TRABAJOS ORIGINALES

                RAPDs,Ecp genes,Avr genes,molecular characterization,Cladosporium fulvum,genes Ecp,genes Avr,caracterización molecular

                Comments

                Comment on this article