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      Caracterización de niños menores de 5 años con sibilancias Translated title: Characterization of children under five years with wheezing

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Fundamento: La sibilancia se presenta con frecuencia en las edades pediátricas; algunas características presentes en los niños con sibilancia nos pueden ayudar a predecir su evolución en la mayoría de los pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar a niños menores de 5 años con sibilancias. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en Guáimaro entre junio de 2015 y diciembre de 2016, en 329 niños menores de 5 años los cuales presentaron sibilancias. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario aplicado a los padres de los niños. Resultados: En 62.3 % la sibilancia comenzó antes del año de vida, 55.1 % eran masculinos, 65.3 % fueron ocasionales y 38.9 % presentaron rasgo atópico. La causa en 41.9 % de los niños fue la bronquiolitis y en 36.8 % la alérgica. El 49.8 % de niños con sibilancias asociadas a infecciones respiratorias comenzaron antes del año y el 27.9 % de las no vinculadas a estas infecciones comenzaron después del año. El 80.5 % de los sibilantes ocasionales habían comenzado antes del año de vida y 71.9 % de los recurrentes después del año. El rasgo atópico estuvo presente en 79.8 % de los recurrentes y 17.2 % de los ocasionales. Conclusiones: Las características de los niños con sibilancia fueron: predominio de los niños menores de 1 año, masculinos, sibilantes ocasionales y no tuvieron rasgo atópico. Las sibilancias asociadas a infecciones respiratorias fueron más frecuentes. La mayoría de los sibilantes ocasionales tuvieron su primer episodio antes del año de vida y no presentaron rasgo atópico asociado, y los sibilantes recurrentes presentaron su primer episodio obstructivo después del año y tenían rasgo atópico asociado.

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          ABSTRACT Background: Wheezing occurs frequently in pediatric ages; some characteristics present in children with wheezing can help us to predict its evolution in most patients. Objective: To characterize children under five years with wheezing. Methodology: A descriptive observational study was conducted in Guáimaro from June 2015 to December 2016, in 329 children under 5 years who presented wheezing. The information was obtained through a questionnaire applied to the children´s parents. Results: In 62.3 %, wheezing began before the year of life, 55.1 % were male, 65.3 % were occasional and 38.9 % atopic. The cause in 41.9 % of the children was bronchiolitis and in 36.8 % allergic. 49.8 % of children with wheezing associated with respiratory infections started before the year and 27.9 % of those not related to these infections started after the year. 80.5 % of the occasional sibilants had begun before the year of life and 71.9 % of the recurrent ones after the year. The atopic trait was present in 79.8 % of the recurrent and 17.2 % of the occasional ones. Conclusions: The characteristics of children with wheezing were: predominance of children under 1 year old, male, occasional wheezing and had no atopic trait. Wheezing associated with respiratory infections was more frequent. Most occasional sibilants had their first episode before the year of life and did not present associated atopic trait, and recurrent sibilants presented their first obstructive episode after the year and had associated atopic trait.

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          Association between respiratory infections in early life and later asthma is independent of virus type

          Background Lower respiratory tract infections in the first years of life are associated with later asthma, and this observation has led to a focus on the potential causal role of specific respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus, in asthma development. However, many respiratory viruses and bacteria trigger similar respiratory symptoms and it is possible that the important risk factors for asthma are the underlying susceptibility to infection and the exaggerated reaction to such triggers rather than the particular triggering agent. Objective We sought to study the association between specific infections in early life and development of asthma later in childhood. Methods Three hundred thirteen children were followed prospectively in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies of Asthma in Childhood2000 high-risk birth cohort. Nine respiratory virus types (respiratory syncytial virus, rhinoviruses, other picornaviruses, coronaviruses 229E and OC43, parainfluenza viruses 1-3, influenza viruses AH1, AH3, and B, human metapneumovirus, adenoviruses, and bocavirus) and 3 pathogenic airway bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) were identified in airway secretions sampled during episodes of troublesome lung symptoms in the first 3 years of life. Asthma was determined by age 7 years. Results In unadjusted analyses, all viruses and pathogenic bacteria identified during episodes of troublesome lung symptoms were associated with increased risk of asthma by age 7 years with similar odds ratios for all viruses and pathogenic bacteria. After adjustment for the frequency of respiratory episodes, the particular triggers were no longer associated with asthma. Conclusion The number of respiratory episodes in the first years of life, but not the particular viral trigger, was associated with later asthma development. This suggests that future research should focus on the susceptibility and exaggerated response to lower respiratory tract infections in general rather than on the specific triggering agent.
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            International prevalence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life: variability, treatment patterns and use of health resources.

            Recurrent wheezing (RW) during the first year of life is a major cause of respiratory morbidity worldwide, yet there are no studies on its prevalence at an international level. A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of RW in infants during their first year of life in affluent and non-affluent localities. This international population-based study was performed in random samples of infants aged 12-15 months from 17 centres in Latin America and Europe. It uses a validated questionnaire answered by parents at the primary care health clinics where infants attend for growth/development monitoring and/or vaccine administration. Among the 30,093 infants surveyed, 45.2% (95% CI 44.7% to 45.8%) had at least one episode of wheezing and 20.3% (95% CI 19.8% to 20.7%) had RW. The mean prevalence of RW in Latin American and European centres was 21.4% (95% CI 20.9% to 21.9%) and 15.0% (95% CI 14.0% to 15.9%), respectively (p<0.001). There was significant morbidity associated with RW in terms of severe episodes (59.4%), visits to the emergency department (71.1%) and hospital admissions (26.8%); 46.1% used inhaled corticosteroids. The prevalence of RW in infants during the first year of life is high and varies between localities. A significant proportion of infants progress to a more severe condition which results in high use of health resources (visits to emergency department and hospitalisations). The prevalence of RW is lower and less severe in European than in Latin American centres, suggesting there is a higher risk for the disease in developing areas.
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              Asma y virus en el niño

              Resumen Las infecciones por virus respiratorios, especialmente virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) y rinovirus, suponen el mayor factor de riesgo para la aparición de episodios de sibilancias en lactantes y niños pequeños. La bronquiolitis es la infección respiratoria aguda de vías respiratorias inferiores más común en menores de un año y constituye la causa más frecuente de hospitalización en este grupo de edad. El VRS causa aproximadamente el 70% de todas ellas, seguido por rinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus o bocavirus. La asociación entre bronquiolitis por VRS y desarrollo de sibilancias recurrentes y/o asma ha sido descrita hace más de 4 décadas, aunque en la actualidad se desconoce con exactitud si la bronquiolitis es la causa de los síntomas respiratorios crónicos o si, más bien, es un marcador que señala a los niños con predisposición genética a desarrollar asma a medio o largo plazo. En cualquier caso, existe evidencia suficiente como para afirmar que esta asociación existe y que es especialmente intensa si el agente asociado a la bronquiolitis es el rinovirus. El papel patogénico de los virus respiratorios como desencadenantes de exacerbaciones en el paciente asmático no está totalmente aclarado, pero sin duda los virus respiratorios, y en especial el rinovirus, son el desencadenante más frecuente de exacerbaciones asmáticas en los niños, llegando a identificarse algún virus respiratorio hasta en el 90% de los niños hospitalizados por un episodio de sibilancias. Muy probablemente, las alteraciones en la respuesta inmune frente a las infecciones virales en sujetos genéticamente predispuestos sean los principales implicados en la asociación virus-asma.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gme
                Gaceta Médica Espirituana
                Gac Méd Espirit
                Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus (Sancti Spíritus, , Cuba )
                1608-8921
                August 2019
                : 21
                : 2
                : 23-31
                Affiliations
                [1] Camagüey orgnameHospital General Universitario Armando Cardoso Cuba
                Article
                S1608-89212019000200023 S1608-8921(19)02100200023
                fede71e7-eaa4-4647-aba3-c3c0774dfc53

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 January 2019
                : 08 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                REPORTE ORIGINAL

                respiratory tract infections,Wheezing,Sibilancia,preescolar,ruidos respiratorios,child preschool,infecciones del sistema respiratorio,respiratory sounds

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