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      El laboratorio en el diagnóstico multidisciplinar del desarrollo sexual anómalo o diferente (DSD) : III) Marcadores bioquímicos y genéticos en los 46,XY IV) Propuestas para el diagnóstico diferencial de los DSD

      review-article
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      Advances in Laboratory Medicine
      De Gruyter
      desarrollo sexual anómalo o diferente (DSD), diagnóstico bioquímico, diagnóstico genético, DSD 46,XY, algoritmo diagnóstico

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          Resumen

          Objetivos

          El desarrollo sexual anómalo o diferente (DSD) con cariotipo 46,XY incluye anomalías en el desarrollo gonadal y/o genital (externo y/o interno).

          Contenido

          Los marcadores bioquímicos útiles para el diagnóstico diferencial de los DSD con cariotipo 46,XY incluyen las hormonas del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso gonadal como son las gonadotropinas LH y FSH (en condiciones basales o tras la estimulación con LHRH), la hormona anti-Mülleriana, la inhibina B, el factor insulinoide tipo 3 y las hormonas esteroideas de origen suprarrenal (se incluirá la hormona hipofisaria ACTH) y testicular (cortisol, aldosterona y sus precursores, testosterona y sus precursores, dihidrotestosterona y estradiol). Las hormonas esteroideas se analizarán en condiciones basales o tras la estimulación con ACTH (hormonas adrenales) y/o con HCG (hormonas testiculares). Los patrones de variación de las distintas hormonas dependerán de la causa y la edad de cada paciente. El diagnóstico molecular debe incluir el análisis de un gen candidato, un panel de genes o el análisis de un exoma completo.

          Perspectivas

          El diagnóstico diferencial de los DSD con cariotipos 46,XX ó 46,XY debe ser multidisciplinar, incluyendo los antecedentes clínicos, morfológicos, de imagen, bioquímicos y genéticos. Se han elaborado numerosos algoritmos diagnósticos.

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          Most cited references58

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          Changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) throughout the life span: a population-based study of 1027 healthy males from birth (cord blood) to the age of 69 years.

          Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which is secreted by immature Sertoli cells, triggers the involution of the fetal Müllerian ducts. AMH is a testis-specific marker used for diagnosis in infants with ambiguous genitalia or bilateral cryptorchidism. The aim of the study was to describe the ontogeny of AMH secretion through life in healthy males. This was a population-based study of healthy volunteers. PARTICIPANTS included 1027 healthy males from birth (cord blood) to 69 yr. A subgroup was followed up longitudinally through the infantile minipuberty [(in cord blood, and at 3 and 12 months), n=55] and another group through puberty [(biannual measurements), n=83]. Serum AMH was determined by a sensitive immunoassay. Serum testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured, and pubertal staging was performed in boys aged 6 to 20 yr (n=616). Serum AMH was above the detection limit in all samples with a marked variation according to age and pubertal status. The median AMH level in cord blood was 148 pmol/liter and increased significantly to the highest observed levels at 3 months (P<0.0001). AMH declined at 12 months (P<0.0001) and remained at a relatively stable level throughout childhood until puberty, when AMH declined progressively with adults exhibiting 3-4% of infant levels. Based on this extensive data set, we found detectable AMH serum levels at all ages, with the highest measured levels during infancy. At the time of puberty, AMH concentrations declined and remained relatively stable throughout adulthood. The potential physiological role of AMH and clinical applicability of AMH measurements remain to be determined.
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            Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.

            Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation syndrome due to a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). DHCR7 primarily catalyzes the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to cholesterol. In SLOS, this results in decreased cholesterol and increased 7DHC levels, both during embryonic development and after birth. The malformations found in SLOS may result from decreased cholesterol, increased 7DHC or a combination of these two factors. This review discusses the clinical aspects and diagnosis of SLOS, therapeutic interventions and the current understanding of pathophysiological processes involved in SLOS.
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              Male pseudohermaphroditism caused by mutations of testicular 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3.

              Defects in the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in the fetal testes by the enzyme 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) give rise to genetic males with female external genitalia. We have used expression cloning to isolate cDNAs encoding a microsomal 17 beta-HSD type 3 isozyme that shares 23% sequence identity with other 17 beta-HSD enzymes, uses NADPh as a cofactor, and is expressed predominantly in the testes. The 17 beta HSD3 gene on chromosome 9q22 contains 11 exons. Four substitution and two splice junction mutations were identified in the 17 beta HSD3 genes of five unrelated male pseudohermaphrodites. The substitution mutations severely compromised the activity of the 17 beta-HSD type 3 isozyme.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Adv Lab Med
                Adv Lab Med
                almed
                almed
                Advances in Laboratory Medicine
                De Gruyter
                2628-491X
                November 2021
                24 May 2021
                : 2
                : 4
                : 505-515
                Affiliations
                deptDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry , universityHospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Badalona, España
                universityGrowth and Development Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, España
                Author notes
                Autor para correspondencia: Dr. María Luisa Granada MD, PhD, deptDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry , universityHospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Crta. Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, España, E-mail: granadaybern@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-7566
                Article
                almed-2020-0120
                10.1515/almed-2020-0120
                10197789
                fedd07ed-892d-4a37-815d-370c2c9aa5d4
                © 2021 Maria Luisa Granada and Laura Audí, published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 December 2020
                : 20 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 01, Tables: 02, References: 57, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Artículo de Revisión

                desarrollo sexual anómalo o diferente (dsd),diagnóstico bioquímico,diagnóstico genético,dsd 46,xy,algoritmo diagnóstico

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