IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOECONOMIC VULNERABILITY

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ABSTRACT

Objective:

To analyze the association of anemia with the socioeconomic vulnerability of preschoolers in public day care centers, in the city of Taubaté, SP, Brazil.

Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample that analyzed 363 children assisted in public day care centres in low-income and high-income areas of Taubaté, SP, Brazil. The hemoglobin concentration (Hb), dependent variable, was obtained by digital puncture, considering anemic children with Hb concentration <11.0 g/dL. The independent variables such as socioeconomic and demographic conditions were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire.

Results:

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 19.3% among preschoolers. Children from day care centers with high socioeconomic vulnerability had lower Hb concentration than those from a non-vulnerable area (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

The lower concentration of hemoglobin in preschoolers is associated with the location of day care centers in an area of socioeconomic vulnerability. Children attending these day care centers face adverse family conditions such as low income, working mothers, and mothers with low schooling, though they receive social benefits and monitoring by public health services.

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Analisar a associação da anemia com a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica de pré-escolares de creches públicas da cidade de Taubaté, SP, Brasil.

Métodos:

Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra probabilística que analisou 363 crianças assistidas em creches públicas de regiões de baixa e alta renda de Taubaté. A concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), variável dependente, foi obtida por meio de punção digital, considerando anêmicas as crianças com concentração de Hb<11,0 g/dL. As variáveis independentes como condições socioeconômicas e demográficas foram coletadas por questionário semiestruturado.

Resultados:

A prevalência de anemia por deficiência de ferro foi de 19,3% entre os pré-escolares. As crianças das creches de elevada vulnerabilidade socioeconômica apresentaram concentração de Hb estatisticamente menor do que aquelas de região não vulnerável (p<0,05).

Conclusões:

A menor concentração de Hb em pré-escolares está associada à localização das creches em região de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, uma vez que as crianças que frequentam tais creches enfrentam condições adversas familiares, como baixa renda, mães que trabalham e com baixa escolaridade, embora recebam benefício social e acompanhamento pelos serviços públicos de saúde.

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Most cited references 26

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Pode o conceito de vulnerabilidade apoiar a construção do conhecimento em Saúde Coletiva?

Alba Muñoz Sánchez, Maria Rita Bertolozzi (2007)

O termo vulnerabilidade tem sido usado freqüentemente na literatura científica, especialmente após a década de 80, em vários estudos epidemiológicos, principalmente focalizado para a perspectiva de risco. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre o conceito de vulnerabilidade, a partir de um estudo sistemático em periódicos de circulação nacional e internacional, para subsidiar o conhecimento e a prática da Saúde Coletiva. Apresenta, ainda, como no Brasil esse conceito tem sido revisitado, incorporando questões que sustentam a dimensão estrutural da realidade, articulando-a às necessidades que emanam do plano singular, que se refere aos usuários de saúde/pacientes e suas respectivas famílias. A importância de se estudar o conceito de vulnerabilidade reside no fato de que pode embasar as práticas de saúde, neste caso de Saúde Coletiva, integrando os planos relativos aos indivíduos, aos programas e às políticas de saúde.

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Risk factors for moderate to severe anemia among children in Benin and Mali: insights from a multilevel analysis.

Ismael Ngnie–Teta, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Olivier Receveur (2007)

Anemia currently affects 2 billion people throughout the world. Although the immediate causes of anemia among children are known (including malnutrition and infections), the importance of contextual determinants and their relationships with individual effects have rarely been explored. To identify anemia risk factors at the individual, household, and community levels among Beninese and Malian children, using simple and multilevel regression methods. An analysis was undertaken of nationally representative data collected in 2001 in Benin (n = 2,284) and Mali (n = 2,826) by the Demographic and Health Surveys. Sixteen potential risk factors for anemia were considered at the individual, household, and community levels. Comparative analyses were carried out using simple and multilevel logistic regression models. Simple and multilevel logistic regression analyses yielded broadly similar results. Risk factors for moderate to severe anemia included incomplete immunization, stunted growth, recent infection, absence of bednet, low household living standard, rural residency (Mali), low maternal education, and low community development index (Benin). In addition, multilevel analysis indicated a clustering level of anemia in communities (intraclass correlation) of 14% and 19% in Benin and Mali, respectively. Risk factors for child anemia appeared at all three levels (individual, household and community). Community-level clustering seemed to be low. Therefore, interventions to address anemia need not be village- or region-specific. Identifying a successful and replicable program is now a priority in child survival endeavors. It is likely that such a program would include a focus on improving immunization coverage, increased bednet usage, and reduced protein-energy malnutrition.

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Measurement of social inequalities in health: concepts and methodological approaches in the Brazilian context *

Inácio Crochemore Mohnsam da Silva, María Restrepo-Méndez, Janaína Costa … (2018)

This study aims to describe methodological approaches to measure and monitor health inequalities and to illustrate their applicability. The measures most frequently used in the literature were reviewed. Data on coverage and quality of antenatal care in Brazil, from the Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey (PNDS-2006) and from the National Health Survey (PNS2013), were used to illustrate their applicability. Absolute and relative measures of inequalities were presented, highlighting their complementary character. Despite the progress achieved at national level in antenatal care, important inequalities were still identified between population subgroups, with no change in the magnitude of the differences throughout the studied period. Brazil has important social inequalities, which consequently lead to health inequalities. Their description and monitoring are highly relevant to support polices focused on those vulnerable population groups who have been left behind.