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      Antimicrobial Polymeric Materials with Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts

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          Abstract

          Polymeric materials containing quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salts have been extensively studied and applied to a variety of antimicrobial-relevant areas. With various architectures, polymeric quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts were prepared using different approaches, exhibiting different antimicrobial activities and potential applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of antimicrobial polymers with quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts. In particular, it discusses the structure and synthesis method, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and the comparison of antimicrobial performance between these two kinds of polymers.

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          The chemistry and applications of antimicrobial polymers: a state-of-the-art review.

          El-Refaie Kenawy, S Worley, Roy M. Broughton (2007)
          Microbial infection remains one of the most serious complications in several areas, particularly in medical devices, drugs, health care and hygienic applications, water purification systems, hospital and dental surgery equipment, textiles, food packaging, and food storage. Antimicrobials gain interest from both academic research and industry due to their potential to provide quality and safety benefits to many materials. However, low molecular weight antimicrobial agents suffer from many disadvantages, such as toxicity to the environment and short-term antimicrobial ability. To overcome problems associated with the low molecular weight antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial functional groups can be introduced into polymer molecules. The use of antimicrobial polymers offers promise for enhancing the efficacy of some existing antimicrobial agents and minimizing the environmental problems accompanying conventional antimicrobial agents by reducing the residual toxicity of the agents, increasing their efficiency and selectivity, and prolonging the lifetime of the antimicrobial agents. Research concerning the development of antimicrobial polymers represents a great a challenge for both the academic world and industry. This article reviews the state of the art of antimicrobial polymers primarily since the last comprehensive review by one of the authors in 1996. In particular, it discusses the requirements of antimicrobial polymers, factors affecting the antimicrobial activities, methods of synthesizing antimicrobial polymers, major fields of applications, and future and perspectives in the field of antimicrobial polymers.
          Article 0 comments Cited 288 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials.

            Carla Renata Arciola, Davide Campoccia, Pietro Speziale … (2012)
            Implant infections in orthopaedics, as well as in many other medical fields, are chiefly caused by staphylococci. The ability of growing within a biofilm enhances the chances of staphylococci to protect themselves from host defences, antibiotic therapies, and biocides. Advances in scientific knowledge on structural molecules (exopolysaccharide, proteins, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA), on the synthesis and genetics of staphylococcal biofilms, and on the complex network of signal factors that intervene in their control are here presented, also reporting on the emerging strategies to disrupt or inhibit them. The attitude of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages to infiltrate and phagocytise biofilms, as well as the ambiguous behaviour exhibited by these innate immune cells in biofilm-related implant infections, are here discussed. Research on anti-biofilm biomaterials is focused, reviewing materials loaded with antibacterial substances, or coated with anti-adhesive/anti-bacterial immobilized agents, or surfaced with nanostructures. Latter approaches appear promising, since they avoid the spread of antibacterial substances in the neighbouring tissues with the consequent risk of inducing bacterial resistance. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Antibacterial surfaces: the quest for a new generation of biomaterials

              Jafar Hasan, Russell J. Crawford, Elena Ivanova (2013)
              In this review we attempt to clarify the notion of what is meant by the term antibacterial surfaces and categorise the approaches that are commonly used in the design of antibacterial surfaces. Application of surface coatings and the modification of the surface chemistry of substrata are generally considered to be a chemical approach to surface modification (as are surface polymerisation, functionalisation, and derivatisation), whereas, modification of the surface architecture of a substrate can be considered a physical approach. Here, the antifouling and bactericidal effects of antibacterial surfaces are briefly discussed. Finally, several recent efforts to design a new generation of antibacterial surfaces, which are based on mimicking the surface nanotopography of natural surfaces, are considered. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Antonella Piozzi: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 February 2015
                Publication date Collection: February 2015
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 3626-3655
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada; E-Mail: xiaoxue8515@ 123456126.com
                [2 ]School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
                [3 ]School of Environment Science & Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; E-Mail: zyi0251@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hxiao@ 123456unb.ca ; Tel.: +1-506-453-3532; Fax: +1-506-453-3591.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-16-03626
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023626
                PMC ID: 4346917
                PubMed ID: 25667977
                SO-VID: fc6dfc49-8123-4f8d-8b92-49b64f95fe7d
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 November 2014
                Date accepted : 29 January 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: antimicrobial,cationic polymer,quaternary ammonium salt,quaternary phosphonium salt
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: antimicrobial, cationic polymer, quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt

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