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      A reflection on participatory research methodologies in the light of the COVID-19 – lessons learnt from the European Research Project TRIPS

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          Abstract

          The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has had considerable impacts on research projects, particularly those adopting participatory approaches. This paper reflects on the methodological adaptations employed by the European research project TRIPS to facilitate co-design and open innovation practices towards the development of accessible mobility solutions. The article reports how the methods were adapted to facilitate participatory research with almost no physical meetings. In doing so, the paper presents the alternative ‘distanced-based’ participatory approaches employed to engage users with disabilities and institutional stakeholders in the transport ecosystem, like online workshops, social media content analysis, online surveys and peer-to-peer telephone interviews. Lessons learnt and practical guidelines for distance-based participatory research are presented and discussed with the aim of increasing resilience in the light of future changes.

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          The value and challenges of participatory research: strengthening its practice.

          The increasing use of participatory research (PR) approaches to address pressing public health issues reflects PR's potential for bridging gaps between research and practice, addressing social and environmental justice and enabling people to gain control over determinants of their health. Our critical review of the PR literature culminates in the development of an integrative practice framework that features five essential domains and provides a structured process for developing and maintaining PR partnerships, designing and implementing PR efforts, and evaluating the intermediate and long-term outcomes of descriptive, etiological, and intervention PR studies. We review the empirical and nonempirical literature in the context of this practice framework to distill the key challenges and added value of PR. Advances to the practice of PR over the next decade will require establishing the effectiveness of PR in achieving health outcomes and linking PR practices, processes, and core elements to health outcomes.
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            Uncovering the Benefits of Participatory Research: Implications of a Realist Review for Health Research and Practice

            Context Participatory research (PR) is the co-construction of research through partnerships between researchers and people affected by and/or responsible for action on the issues under study. Evaluating the benefits of PR is challenging for a number of reasons: the research topics, methods, and study designs are heterogeneous; the extent of collaborative involvement may vary over the duration of a project and from one project to the next; and partnership activities may generate a complex array of both short- and long-term outcomes. Methods Our review team consisted of a collaboration among researchers and decision makers in public health, research funding, ethics review, and community-engaged scholarship. We identified, selected, and appraised a large-variety sample of primary studies describing PR partnerships, and in each stage, two team members independently reviewed and coded the literature. We used key realist review concepts (middle-range theory, demi-regularity, and context-mechanism-outcome configurations [CMO]) to analyze and synthesize the data, using the PR partnership as the main unit of analysis. Findings From 7,167 abstracts and 591 full-text papers, we distilled for synthesis a final sample of twenty-three PR partnerships described in 276 publications. The link between process and outcome in these partnerships was best explained using the middle-range theory of partnership synergy, which demonstrates how PR can (1) ensure culturally and logistically appropriate research, (2) enhance recruitment capacity, (3) generate professional capacity and competence in stakeholder groups, (4) result in productive conflicts followed by useful negotiation, (5) increase the quality of outputs and outcomes over time, (6) increase the sustainability of project goals beyond funded time frames and during gaps in external funding, and (7) create system changes and new unanticipated projects and activities. Negative examples illustrated why these outcomes were not a guaranteed product of PR partnerships but were contingent on key aspects of context. Conclusions We used a realist approach to embrace the heterogeneity and complexity of the PR literature. This theory-driven synthesis identified mechanisms by which PR may add value to the research process. Using the middle-range theory of partnership synergy, our review confirmed findings from previous PR reviews, documented and explained some negative outcomes, and generated new insights into the benefits of PR regarding conflicts and negotiation between stakeholders, program sustainability and advancement, unanticipated project activity, and the generation of systemic change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal AnalysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Role: Funding AcquisitionRole: Project AdministrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – Original Draft PreparationRole: Writing – Review & Editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data CurationRole: Formal AnalysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data CurationRole: Funding AcquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project AdministrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                Journal
                Open Res Eur
                Open Res Eur
                Open Research Europe
                F1000 Research Limited (London, UK )
                2732-5121
                29 March 2022
                2021
                : 1
                : 153
                Affiliations
                [1 ]German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
                [2 ]Trilateral Research, Waterford, Ireland
                [3 ]AAATE, Linz, Austria
                [4 ]Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
                [5 ]TBridge, Bologna, Italy
                [6 ]European Network of Independent Living (ENIL), Brussels, Belgium
                [7 ]UITP, Brussels, Belgium
                [1 ]Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                [1 ]Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science (IMF), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
                [1 ]Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
                [1 ]Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science (IMF), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
                German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
                Author notes

                No competing interests were disclosed.

                Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

                Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

                Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

                Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

                Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

                Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6332-3817
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-8117
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7138-8872
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-043X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-2175
                Article
                10.12688/openreseurope.14315.2
                10446030
                37645198
                fb0304ff-8c7f-4a27-ac55-38be3d76b9ec
                Copyright: © 2022 König A et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
                Award ID: 875588
                This research was financially supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No 875588.
                The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Case Study
                Articles

                accessibility,participatory research,co-creation,covid-19

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