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      Factors Associated With Prevalent HIV Infection Among Kenyan MSM : The Anza Mapema Study

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          Abstract

          To inform future HIV treatment and care programs for men who have sex with men (MSM), we assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with previously diagnosed HIV-positive and out-of-care (PDOC) or newly diagnosed HIV-positive and out-of-care (NDOC) HIV infection among MSM enrolled in the prospective Anza Mapema cohort study.

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          The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review.

          Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer, Janet B W Williams … (2010)
          Depression, anxiety and somatization are the most common mental disorders in primary care as well as medical specialty populations; each is present in at least 5-10% of patients and frequently comorbid with one another. An efficient means for measuring and monitoring all three conditions would be desirable. Evidence regarding the psychometric and pragmatic characteristics of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-7 anxiety and PHQ-15 somatic symptom scales are synthesized from two sources: (1) four multisite cross-sectional studies (three conducted in primary care and one in obstetric-gynecology practices) comprising 9740 patients, and (2) key studies from the literature that have studied these scales. The PHQ-9 and its abbreviated eight-item (PHQ-8) and two-item (PHQ-2) versions have good sensitivity and specificity for detecting depressive disorders. Likewise, the GAD-7 and its abbreviated two-item (GAD-2) version have good operating characteristics for detecting generalized anxiety, panic, social anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. The optimal cutpoint is > or = 10 on the parent scales (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) and > or = 3 on the ultra-brief versions (PHQ-2 and GAD-2). The PHQ-15 is equal or superior to other brief measures for assessing somatic symptoms and screening for somatoform disorders. Cutpoints of 5, 10 and 15 represent mild, moderate and severe symptom levels on all three scales. Sensitivity to change is well-established for the PHQ-9 and emerging albeit not yet definitive for the GAD-7 and PHQ-15. The PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PHQ-15 are brief well-validated measures for detecting and monitoring depression, anxiety and somatization. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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            The drug abuse screening test

            Harvey A Skinner (1982)
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              Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA): a retrospective interview measure.

              Lasana T. Harris, David W G Brown, A T Bifulco (1994)
              The development of a retrospective, investigator-based interview measure of Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) used with two community samples of adults in London is described. The component ratings are shown to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability and also validity as determined by agreement between sisters' independent accounts. The association between the different childhood scales is explored as well as the relationship of childhood experiences to adult depression. Methodological issues concerning investigator-based versus respondent-based measures of childhood are discussed and a case made for use of the former. Advantages of using the CECA, a retrospective, time-based measure of childhood, are outlined.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
                Abbreviated Title: JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
                Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                ISSN (Print): 1525-4135
                Publication date Created: 2017
                Publication date (Print): November 2017
                Volume: 76
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 241-249
                Article
                DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001512
                PubMed ID: 28746167
                SO-VID: f99ac896-2341-47e6-b66d-86a4f4c3e544
                Copyright © © 2017
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