Nanophotonic route to control electron behaviors in 2D materials

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Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) Dirac materials, e.g., graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are one-atom-thick monolayers whose electronic behaviors are described by the Dirac equation. These materials serve not only as test beds for novel quantum physics but also as promising constituents for nanophotonic devices. This review provides a brief overview of the recent effort to control Dirac electron behaviors using nanophotonics. We introduce a principle of light-2D Dirac matter interaction to offer a design guide for 2D Dirac material–based nanophotonic devices. We also discuss opportunities for coupling nanophotonics with externally perturbed 2D materials.

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Most cited references 86

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Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. Morozov … (2004)

We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

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Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene.

K S Novoselov, A K Geim, S V Morozov … (2005)

Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.

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Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene.

Yuanbo Zhang, Yan-Wen Tan, Horst L Stormer … (2005)

When electrons are confined in two-dimensional materials, quantum-mechanically enhanced transport phenomena such as the quantum Hall effect can be observed. Graphene, consisting of an isolated single atomic layer of graphite, is an ideal realization of such a two-dimensional system. However, its behaviour is expected to differ markedly from the well-studied case of quantum wells in conventional semiconductor interfaces. This difference arises from the unique electronic properties of graphene, which exhibits electron-hole degeneracy and vanishing carrier mass near the point of charge neutrality. Indeed, a distinctive half-integer quantum Hall effect has been predicted theoretically, as has the existence of a non-zero Berry's phase (a geometric quantum phase) of the electron wavefunction--a consequence of the exceptional topology of the graphene band structure. Recent advances in micromechanical extraction and fabrication techniques for graphite structures now permit such exotic two-dimensional electron systems to be probed experimentally. Here we report an experimental investigation of magneto-transport in a high-mobility single layer of graphene. Adjusting the chemical potential with the use of the electric field effect, we observe an unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect for both electron and hole carriers in graphene. The relevance of Berry's phase to these experiments is confirmed by magneto-oscillations. In addition to their purely scientific interest, these unusual quantum transport phenomena may lead to new applications in carbon-based electronic and magneto-electronic devices.

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Author and article information

Contributors

DongJun Kang:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-2568

Chibuzo Onwukaeme:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7231-7248

KiJeong Park:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0274-0462

KyeongPyo Jeon:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7728-5042

Han-Youl Ryu:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-4010

SeokJae Yoo:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-7123

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanophotonics

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanophotonics

Journal ID (publisher-id): nanoph

Journal ID (doi): nanoph

Title: Nanophotonics

Publisher: De Gruyter

ISSN (Print): 2192-8606

ISSN (Electronic): 2192-8614

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 10 May 2024

Publication date (Electronic, collection): July 2024

Volume: 13

Issue: 16

Pages: 2865-2878

Affiliations

Ringgold 26718, universityInha University; , Incheon, Republic of Korea

Author notes

Corresponding author: SeokJae Yoo, universityInha University , Incheon, Republic of Korea, E-mail: seokjaeyoo@ 123456inha.ac.kr

DongJun Kang and Chibuzo Onwukaeme contributed equally to this work.

Author information

DongJun Kang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-2568

Chibuzo Onwukaeme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7231-7248

KiJeong Park https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0274-0462

KyeongPyo Jeon https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7728-5042

Han-Youl Ryu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-4010

SeokJae Yoo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-7123

Article

Publisher ID: nanoph-2024-0074

DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0074

PMC ID: 11501763

PubMed ID: 39634313

SO-VID: f8382c84-80da-4d54-b817-4da058cdd190

License:

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 12 February 2024

Date accepted : 15 April 2024

Page count

Figures: 8, References: 87, Pages: 14

Funding

Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant

Award ID: 2022R1A6A1A03051705

Award ID: 2022R1F1A1074019

Award ID: RS-2023-00254920

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Electron Channelling Contrast Imaging (ECCI)

Most cited references 86

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene.

Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene.

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