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      Demographic, Anthropometric and Food Behavior Data towards Healthy Eating in Romania

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          Abstract

          Background: Each country has specific social, cultural, and economic characteristics regarding the motivations for improving health. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic characteristics, anthropometric data, and elements related to food behavior and health, as well as Romanians’ motivations towards healthy eating. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire based study enrolling 751 Romanian participants, which was carried out in in 2017–2018. Results: We obtained a positive correlation between age and Body Mass Index, and this was maintained also when we analyzed the two genders separately, being, however, even stronger for women. The number of hours/day spent watching TV or in front of the computer was positively correlated with both age and BMI. In general, with aging, there is an increasing concern regarding the practice of a healthy diet. The higher education level was significantly associated with healthier choices. Conclusions: The study of the three dietary dimensions, food properties, health attitudes, and dietary behavior, vis-à-vis various disorders revealed that the group most concerned of their diet was those who suffered from cardiovascular disorders.

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          Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives

          Konstantinos I. Avgerinos, Nikolaos Spyrou, Christos S. Mantzoros … (2018)
          Continuously rising trends in obesity-related malignancies render this disease spectrum a public health priority. Worldwide, the burden of cancer attributable to obesity, expressed as population attributable fraction, is 11.9% in men and 13.1% in women. There is convincing evidence that excess body weight is associated with an increased risk for cancer of at least 13 anatomic sites, including endometrial, esophageal, renal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas; hepatocellular carcinoma; gastric cardia cancer; meningioma; multiple myeloma; colorectal, postmenopausal breast, ovarian, gallbladder and thyroid cancers. We first synopsize current epidemiologic evidence; the obesity paradox in cancer risk and mortality; the role of weight gain and weight loss in the modulation of cancer risk; reliable somatometric indicators for obesity and cancer research; and gender differences in obesity related cancers. We critically summarize emerging biological mechanisms linking obesity to cancer encompassing insulin resistance and abnormalities of the IGF-I system and signaling; sex hormones biosynthesis and pathway; subclinical chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress; alterations in adipokine pathophysiology; factors deriving from ectopic fat deposition; microenvironment and cellular perturbations including vascular perturbations, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, endoplasmic reticulum stress and migrating adipose progenitor cells; disruption of circadian rhythms; dietary nutrients; factors with potential significance such as the altered intestinal microbiome; and mechanic factors in obesity and cancer. Future perspectives regarding prevention, diagnosis and therapeutics are discussed. The aim of this review is to investigate how the interplay of these main potential mechanisms and risk factors, exerts their effects on target tissues provoking them to acquire a cancerous phenotype.
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            Social norms and their influence on eating behaviours.

            Suzanne Higgs (2015)
            Social norms are implicit codes of conduct that provide a guide to appropriate action. There is ample evidence that social norms about eating have a powerful effect on both food choice and amounts consumed. This review explores the reasons why people follow social eating norms and the factors that moderate norm following. It is proposed that eating norms are followed because they provide information about safe foods and facilitate food sharing. Norms are a powerful influence on behaviour because following (or not following) norms is associated with social judgements. Norm following is more likely when there is uncertainty about what constitutes correct behaviour and when there is greater shared identity with the norm referent group. Social norms may affect food choice and intake by altering self-perceptions and/or by altering the sensory/hedonic evaluation of foods. The same neural systems that mediate the rewarding effects of food itself are likely to reinforce the following of eating norms.
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              Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-effectiveness.

              Michele Cecchini, Franco Sassi, Jeremy Lauer … (2010)
              The obesity epidemic is spreading to low-income and middle-income countries as a result of new dietary habits and sedentary ways of life, fuelling chronic diseases and premature mortality. In this report we present an assessment of public health strategies designed to tackle behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases that are closely linked with obesity, including aspects of diet and physical inactivity, in Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. England was included for comparative purposes. Several population-based prevention policies can be expected to generate substantial health gains while entirely or largely paying for themselves through future reductions of health-care expenditures. These strategies include health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity; fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre; and regulatory measures that improve nutritional information or restrict the marketing of unhealthy foods to children. A package of measures for the prevention of chronic diseases would deliver substantial health gains, with a very favourable cost-effectiveness profile. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mari Sandell: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Foods
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Foods
                Journal ID (publisher-id): foods
                Title: Foods
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2304-8158
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 February 2021
                Publication date Collection: March 2021
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 487
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; anca.bacarea@ 123456umfst.ro
                [2 ]Department of Scientific Research Methodology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
                [3 ]Department of Community Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania; cristina.cinpeanu@ 123456outlook.com (C.C.); claudiu.teodorescu4@ 123456gmail.com (C.T.); gabrielaseni@ 123456gmail.com (A.G.S.); monica.tarcea@ 123456umfst.ro (M.T.)
                [4 ]CI&DETS/CERNAS Research Centres, Campus Politécnico, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal; raquelguine@ 123456esav.ipv.pt
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0595-6805
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-118X
                Article
                Publisher ID: foods-10-00487
                DOI: 10.3390/foods10030487
                PMC ID: 7996227
                PubMed ID: 33668350
                SO-VID: f7ec34e3-af59-4c89-8789-b4ac57b3a154
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 January 2021
                Date accepted : 19 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: health,motivation,bmi,food behavior,education
                Data availability:
                Keywords: health, motivation, bmi, food behavior, education

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