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      Stillbirth in Canada: anachronistic definition and registration processes impede public health surveillance and clinical care

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          Abstract

          The archaic definition and registration processes for stillbirth currently prevalent in Canada impede both clinical care and public health. The situation is fraught because of definitional problems related to the inclusion of induced abortions at ≥20 weeks’ gestation as stillbirths: widespread uptake of prenatal diagnosis and induced abortion for serious congenital anomalies has resulted in an artefactual temporal increase in stillbirth rates in Canada and placed the country in an unfavourable position in international (stillbirth) rankings. Other problems with the Canadian stillbirth definition and registration processes extend to the inclusion of fetal reductions (for multi-fetal pregnancy) as stillbirths, and the use of inconsistent viability criteria for reporting stillbirth. This paper reviews the history of stillbirth registration in Canada, provides a rationale for updating the definition of fetal death and recommends a new definition and improved processes for fetal death registration. The recommendations proposed are intended to serve as a starting point for reformulating issues related to stillbirth, with the hope that building a consensus regarding a definition and registration procedures will facilitate clinical care and public health.

          Résumé

          La définition et les méthodes d’enregistrement archaïques des mortinaissances qui prévalent actuellement au Canada entravent à la fois les soins cliniques et la santé publique. La situation est délicate à cause des problèmes de définition que pose l’inclusion des avortements provoqués à ≥ 20 semaines de gestation parmi les mortinaissances : le recours généralisé au diagnostic prénatal et les avortements provoqués en cas d’anomalies congénitales graves ont entraîné une augmentation temporelle artéfactuelle des taux de mortinatalité au Canada et placé le pays dans une position défavorable dans les classements internationaux (de la mortinatalité). Les autres problèmes dans la définition et les méthodes d’enregistrement canadiennes des mortinaissances sont l’inclusion de la réduction fœtale (pour les grossesses multifœtales) parmi les mortinaissances et l’emploi de critères de viabilité inconsistants pour déclarer les mortinaissances. Nous examinons ici l’histoire de l’enregistrement des mortinaissances au Canada, nous justifions une révision possible de la définition de la mort fœtale et nous recommandons une nouvelle définition et des méthodes d’enregistrement améliorées des morts fœtales. Les recommandations proposées se veulent un point de départ à une reformulation des questions liées à la mortinatalité, dans l’espoir que l’établissement d’un consensus sur une définition et sur les méthodes d’enregistrement facilitera les soins cliniques et la santé publique.

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          A new and improved population-based Canadian reference for birth weight for gestational age.

          Existing fetal growth references all suffer from 1 or more major methodologic problems, including errors in reported gestational age, biologically implausible birth weight for gestational age, insufficient sample sizes at low gestational age, single-hospital or other non-population-based samples, and inadequate statistical modeling techniques. We used the newly developed Canadian national linked file of singleton births and infant deaths for births between 1994 and 1996, for which gestational age is largely based on early ultrasound estimates. Assuming a normal distribution for birth weight at each gestational age, we used the expectation-maximization algorithm to exclude infants with gestational ages that were more consistent with 40-week births than with the observed gestational age. Distributions of birth weight at the corrected gestational ages were then statistically smoothed. The resulting male and female curves provide smooth and biologically plausible means, standard deviations, and percentile cutoffs for defining small- and large-for-gestational-age births. Large-for-gestational age cutoffs (90th percentile) at low gestational ages are considerably lower than those of existing references, whereas small-for-gestational-age cutoffs (10th percentile) postterm are higher. For example, compared with the current World Health Organization reference from California (Williams et al, 1982) and a recently proposed US national reference (Alexander et al, 1996), the 90th percentiles for singleton males at 30 weeks are 1837 versus 2159 and 2710 g. The corresponding 10th percentiles at 42 weeks are 3233 versus 3086 and 2998 g. This new sex-specific, population-based reference should improve clinical assessment of growth in individual newborns, population-based surveillance of geographic and temporal trends in birth weight for gestational age, and evaluation of clinical or public health interventions to enhance fetal growth. fetal growth, birth weight, gestational age, preterm birth, postterm birth.
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            Relationship of prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination to overall infant mortality in Canada.

            Prenatal diagnosis and termination of affected pregnancies can prevent infant deaths due to congenital anomalies, but an effect at the population level has not been shown. To examine the impact of recent changes in congenital anomaly-related fetal and infant deaths on overall population-based infant mortality. Birth cohort-based study of all live births, stillbirths, and infant deaths in Canada (excluding Ontario) for 1991-1998. Cause-specific infant mortality rates and gestational age-specific fetal death rates. The birth cohort-based infant mortality rate fluctuated between 6.4 and 6.1 per 1000 live births between 1991 and 1995, then dropped to 5.4 per 1000 in 1996 and 5.5 per 1000 in 1997. The rate of infant death from congenital anomalies was stable between 1991 and 1995 but declined by 21% (95% confidence interval, 19%-32%) from 1.86 per 1000 in 1995 to 1.47 per 1000 in 1996 and 1997. Fetal deaths due to pregnancy termination at 20 to 23 weeks' gestation increased dramatically in 1994, while fetal deaths due to congenital anomalies at 20 to 21 weeks increased in 1995 and subsequently. Provinces/territories with high rates of fetal death due to pregnancy termination/congenital anomalies at 20 to 23 weeks had fewer infant deaths due to congenital anomalies. A large decrease in infant deaths due to congenital anomalies was associated with the most recent decline in infant mortality in Canada, suggesting that increases in prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination for congenital anomalies are related to decreases in overall infant mortality at the population level.
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              Determinants of increases in stillbirth rates from 2000 to 2010.

              After decades of decline, stillbirth rates have increased in several industrialized countries in recent years. We examined data from the province of British Columbia, Canada, in an attempt to explain this unexpected phenomenon.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kjoseph@cw.bc.ca
                Journal
                Can J Public Health
                Can J Public Health
                Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0008-4263
                1920-7476
                19 March 2021
                19 March 2021
                August 2021
                : 112
                : 4
                : 766-772
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.17091.3e, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, , University of British Columbia and the Children’s and Women’s Hospital of British Columbia, ; 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1 Canada
                [2 ]Perinatal Services BC, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.14848.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2292 3357, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, , Université de Montréal, ; Montréal, Québec Canada
                [4 ]GRID grid.25073.33, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8227, McMaster University, ; Hamilton, Ontario Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
                [6 ]GRID grid.28046.38, ISNI 0000 0001 2182 2255, University of Ottawa, ; Ottawa, Ontario Canada
                [7 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, University of Toronto and Sick Kids Hospital, ; Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [8 ]Perinatal Program of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Canada
                [9 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, University of Toronto and St. Michael’s Hospital, ; Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [10 ]GRID grid.414870.e, ISNI 0000 0001 0351 6983, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, ; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
                [11 ]GRID grid.17063.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2157 2938, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, ; Toronto, Ontario Canada
                [12 ]GRID grid.14709.3b, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, McGill University, ; Montreal, Quebec Canada
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2317-5607
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-0880
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-0459
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-3222
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5026-5531
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-2178
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9920-0488
                Article
                483
                10.17269/s41997-021-00483-x
                8225733
                33742313
                f611b3d3-6e34-4ca0-8485-c2d168a18694
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 10 October 2020
                : 27 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Canadian Intitutes of Health Research
                Award ID: PER-150902
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Commentary
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                © The Canadian Public Health Association 2021

                stillbirth,fetal death,definition,birth registration,gestational age,mortinatalité,mort fœtale,définition,enregistrement des naissances,âge gestationnel

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