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      Depression in the next generation is related with maternal behaviors: A cross-comparison by alternating rat’s mother care

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          Abstract

          This study investigated the potential impacts of depressive rats’ maternal behavior as an early life stress on the outcome of offspring as an adulthood. Offspring from the same mother were divided into two groups, half of them were fostered or remained by a depressive mother, and the other half remained or fostered by a control mother, respectively. The results showed that offspring fostered by depressive mothers presented significant depressive behaviors. Meanwhile, depressive mothers engaged in more grooming during the light cycle, but less off-the-pup behavior during the dark phase. In conclusion, offspring exposed to a postnatal depressive maternal environment developed a depressive-like behavior. Contrarily, postpartum maternal behaviors play an essential role, which might determine the outcome of the next generation. Furthermore, the appropriate timing of postpartum maternal caring sequences, which might eliminate prenatal stressful influences, was recognized and might be a promising approach for reducing children’s predisposition to mental disorders in their life time.

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          Most cited references47

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          Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child.

          Perinatal mental disorders are associated with increased risk of psychological and developmental disturbances in children. However, these disturbances are not inevitable. In this Series paper, we summarise evidence for associations between parental disorders and offspring outcomes from fetal development to adolescence in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries. We assess evidence for mechanisms underlying transmission of disturbance, the role of mediating variables (underlying links between parent psychopathology and offspring outcomes) and possible moderators (which change the strength of any association), and focus on factors that are potentially modifiable, including parenting quality, social (including partner) and material support, and duration of the parental disorder. We review research of interventions, which are mostly about maternal depression, and emphasise the need to both treat the parent's disorder and help with associated caregiving difficulties. We conclude with policy implications and underline the need for early identification of those parents at high risk and for more early interventions and prevention research, especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and low-income countries.
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            A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression.

            Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of the disease burden for women of childbearing age, but the burden of MDD attributable to perinatal depression is not yet known. There has been little effort to date to systematically review available literature and produce global estimates of prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. Enhanced understanding will help to guide resource allocation for screening and treatment.
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              The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.

              The open field is a very popular animal model of anxiety-like behavior. An overview of the literature on the action elicited by effective or putative anxiolytics in animal subjected to this procedure indicates that classical treatments such as benzodiazepine receptor full agonists or 5-HT(1A) receptor full or partial agonists elicit an anxiolytic-like effect in this procedure in most cases (approximately 2/3). However, compounds (triazolobenzodiazepines such as adinazolam and alprazolam, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) that have a different spectrum of therapeutic efficacy in anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder were poorly effective as anxiolytics in the open field test, suggesting that this paradigm may not model features of anxiety disorders. The procedure is also relevant for the study of compounds endowed with anxiogenic effects, as such effects were detected after treatments with benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists or with corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor agonists.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                21 September 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 9
                : e0291952
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
                [2 ] School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
                Texas A&M University College Station, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1264-9742
                Article
                PONE-D-23-14329
                10.1371/journal.pone.0291952
                10513200
                37733756
                f359ae41-c3d7-4544-8f8f-fcd58d5041e6
                © 2023 Yong et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 15 May 2023
                : 9 September 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 0, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province
                Award ID: 23JRRA0941
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100016321, First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University;
                Award ID: ldyyyn2022-9
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Action Plan Project
                Award ID: 202210730206
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Lanzhou University Basic Medicine Science School Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Action Plan Project
                Award ID: 2020-05
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Excellence Program of the First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University
                Award ID: 20220060099
                Award Recipient :
                This project was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (23JRRA0941), Hospital fund of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University (ldyyyn2022-9), Lanzhou University Basic Medicine Science School Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Action Plan Project (2020-05), National Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Action Plan Project (202210730206) and Excellence Program of the First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University (20220060099). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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