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      Síndrome hemolítico urémico asociado a infección intestinal por Escherichia coli productora de shigatoxina (STEC) en pacientes chilenos: aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos Translated title: Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated to shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli in Chilean children: Clinical and epidemiological aspects

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          Abstract

          Se revisan y actualizan aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de las infecciones por Escherichia coli productora de shigatoxina (STEC), y el síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU). Se incluyen resultados de una vigilancia de SHU en 14 centros centinelas (2000-2002), que mostró una incidencia promedio de 3,4 casos por 100.000 niños, 78%) en el grupo de 6 a 48 meses. Esta vigilancia reflejó una situación endémica, con aumento en verano. Se analiza la observación clínica protocolizada de 119 pacientes con SHU hospitalizados en la Región Metropolitana (RM) (1988 y 2002). Edad promedio: 16 meses. El 578%> tenía diarrea con sangre, 9%> no tenía diarrea previa, 60%> recibió antibacterianos, 72%> presentó oligoanuria y 53%> necesitó diálisis. El 31%o tuvo compromiso de conciencia y 15%o presentó convulsiones. Letalidad 3%. Se analizan brotes de STEC asociados a alimentos ocurridos en la RM en el hogar (2), un jardín infantil (1) y en un servicio de neonatología (1). Finalmente, se entregar recomendaciones para el manejo clínico y prevención, se revisan los criterios diagnósticos, nuevas estrategias terapéuticas y progresos en el desarrollo de vacunas.

          Translated abstract

          Clinical and epidemiological aspects of shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC) infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are reviewed. Surveillance results from 14 sentinel centers during 2000-2002 showed a mean incidence rate of 3.4 HUS cases per 100.000 children, with the highest incidence in the 6 to 28 month age group. Disease is endemic with summer peaks. Between 1988 and 2002 we obtained the clinical characteristics of a group of 119 HUS children with the following results: mean age 16 months, bloody diarrhea 57.8%, no previous diarrhea 9%, 60% received antibiotics, 72% had oligoanuria, 53% required dialysis, 15% had seizures and 31% had dizziness; mortality was 3%. Four foodborne outbreaks have been detected in Santiago, two outbreaks occurred in household settings, one in a Day Care Center and one in a Neonatal Unit. Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of STEC infections, including potential vaccines are discussed.

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          Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.

          Most cases of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) are caused by Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria; the pathophysiology differs from that of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Among Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), O157:H7 has the strongest association worldwide with HUS. Many different vehicles, in addition to the commonly suspected ground (minced) beef, can transmit this pathogen to people. Antibiotics, antimotility agents, narcotics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be given to acutely infected patients, and we advise hospital admission and administration of intravenous fluids. Management of HUS remains supportive; there are no specific therapies to ameliorate the course. The vascular injury leading to HUS is likely to be well under way by the time infected patients seek medical attention for diarrhoea. The best way to prevent HUS is to prevent primary infection with Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria.
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            Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli

            Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler’s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (enteropathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.
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              The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections.

              Children with gastrointestinal infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 are at risk for the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Whether antibiotics alter this risk is unknown. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 71 children younger than 10 years of age who had diarrhea caused by E. coli O157:H7 to assess whether antibiotic treatment in these children affects the risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and to assess the influence of confounding factors on this outcome. Estimates of relative risks were adjusted for possible confounding effects with the use of logistic-regression analysis. Among the 71 children, 9 (13 percent) received antibiotics and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome developed in 10 (14 percent). Five of these 10 children had received antibiotics. Factors significantly associated with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome were a higher initial white-cell count (relative risk, 1.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.5), evaluation with stool culture soon after the onset of illness (relative risk, 0.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.8), and treatment with antibiotics (relative risk, 14.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.9 to 70.7). The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the 9 children who received antibiotics and the 62 who did not receive antibiotics were similar. In a multivariate analysis that was adjusted for the initial white-cell count and the day of illness on which stool was obtained for culture, antibiotic administration remained a risk factor for the development of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (relative risk, 17.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 137). Antibiotic treatment of children with E. coli O157:H7 infection increases the risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rci
                Revista chilena de infectología
                Rev. chil. infectol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Infectología (Santiago, , Chile )
                0716-1018
                December 2008
                : 25
                : 6
                : 435-444
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatría Chile
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas-ICBM Chile
                Article
                S0716-10182008000600003 S0716-1018(08)02500600003
                10.4067/S0716-10182008000600003
                ef601ef2-b314-4387-9535-c14ffd184eaa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                INFECTOLOGIA AL DIA

                epidemiología,síndrome hemolítico urémico,(STEC),Escherichia coli productora de shigatoxina,prevention,treatment,hemolytic uremic syndrome,Shigatoxin producing E.coli,prevención,tratamiento

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