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      Co-occurrence of Adult ADHD Symptoms and Problematic Internet Use and Its Links With Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Anxiety, and Depression

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          Abstract

          The co-occurrence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and problematic Internet use (PIU) is associated with increased severity of PIU and poorer treatment outcomes. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between PIU and adult ADHD symptoms and determine whether adult ADHD symptoms were a predictor of PIU in the general adult population. We also examined the potential mediating role of the dimensional psychopathological factors, including anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and emotion regulation, in this relationship. To achieve these aims, we recruited 532 regular Internet users online from the general adult population. The participants completed an online questionnaire assessing PIU (Internet Addiction Test), anxiety and depression symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), adult ADHD symptoms (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1), emotion regulation (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), and impulsivity (UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale). We conducted a multiple regression analysis to determine the predictors of PIU and mediation analyses to identify the psychopathological mediators of the association between adult ADHD symptoms and PIU. PIU was observed in 17.9% of our sample. A significantly higher proportion of respondents with PIU screened positive for adult ADHD symptoms compared to respondents without PIU (50.5 vs. 21.7%; p < 0.001). Individuals with PIU reported significantly higher scores than those without PIU for anxiety and depressive symptoms, impulsivity, and the emotion regulation strategy of expressive suppression. Additionally, they had significantly lower scores than those without PIU on cognitive reappraisal than non-problematic Internet users. In addition to adult ADHD symptoms, the multiple regression analysis revealed that PIU was also positively predicted by depressive symptoms, positive urgency, lack of perseverance, and expressive suppression, and is negatively predicted by cognitive reappraisal and negative urgency. The mediation analysis showed that lack of perseverance, positive urgency, and depressive and anxiety symptoms were partial mediators of the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and PIU. Our results highlight the significant co-occurrence of PIU and adult ADHD symptoms. This study also provides support for a theoretical model in which impulsivity dimensions, emotion regulation strategies, as well as the tendency to anxiety and depressive symptoms, may play a mediating role in this co-occurrence. In summary, the findings emphasize the need to assess these psychological characteristics in problematic Internet users, as they can be a factor of clinical complexity, as well as the importance of targeting them as part of integrated interventions for both adult ADHD symptoms and PIU.

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          Most cited references57

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          Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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            The hospital anxiety and depression scale.

            A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
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              Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                13 April 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 792206
                Affiliations
                [1] 1University of Tours, Laboratory QualiPsy, EE1901 , Tours, France
                [2] 2CHRU of Tours, Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA 37) , Tours, France
                [3] 3Université Paris Cité, Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes , Boulogne-Billancourt, France
                [4] 4CHRU of Tours, Service d'Addictologie Universitaire, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie , Tours, France
                [5] 5University of Tours, UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM , Tours, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Florence Vorspan, Université de Paris, France

                Reviewed by: Kristen Paula Morie, Yale University, United States; Romain Icick, INSERM U1144 Variabilité de Réponse aux Psychotropes, France; Marco Di Nicola, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IRCCS), Italy

                *Correspondence: Isabelle Varescon isabelle.varescon@ 123456u-paris.fr

                This article was submitted to Addictive Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2022.792206
                9045584
                35492700
                ef08b1d2-0877-47bd-a1fe-5cd10d6f0edf
                Copyright © 2022 El Archi, Barrault, Brunault, Ribadier and Varescon.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 09 October 2021
                : 28 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 10, Words: 7954
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                internet addiction,adhd,impulsivity,anxiety disorders,depressive disorders,dual diagnosis

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