Pitx2 promotes heart repair by activating the antioxidant response after cardiac injury

Summary

Myocardial infarction results in compromised myocardial function with heart failure due to insufficient cardiomyocyte self-renewal ¹ . Unlike lower vertebrates, mammalian hearts only have a transient neonatal renewal capacity ² . Reactivating primitive reparative ability in the mature heart requires knowledge of the mechanisms promoting early heart repair. By testing an established Hippo-deficient heart regeneration model for renewal promoting factors, we found that Pitx2 expression was induced in injured, Hippo-deficient ventricles. Pitx2-deficient neonatal hearts failed to repair after apex resection while Pitx2-gain-of-function in adult cardiomyocytes conferred reparative ability after myocardial infarction. Genomic analyses indicated that Pitx2 activated genes encoding electron transport chain components and reactive oxygen species scavengers. A subset of Pitx2 target genes was cooperatively regulated with the Hippo effector, Yap. Furthermore, Nrf2, a regulator of antioxidant response ³ , directly regulated Pitx2 expression and subcellular localization. Pitx2 mutant myocardium had elevated reactive oxygen species levels while antioxidant supplementation suppressed the Pitx2-loss-of-function phenotype. These findings reveal a genetic pathway, activated by tissue damage that is essential for cardiac repair.