Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy in Patients with Previous Breast Surgery

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Abstract

An increasing number of women are candidates for nipple preservation with mastectomy. It is unclear how previous breast surgery impacts nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction.

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The psychological contribution of nipple addition in breast reconstruction.

R B Noone, Susan Little, W Schain … (1987)

Two groups of consecutive patients from two different plastic surgical practice populations were evaluated to determine psychosocial differences between those who underwent nipple-areola reconstruction in addition to breast reconstruction (N = 33) versus those who did not undergo nipple-areola reconstruction in addition to breast reconstruction (N = 26). Psychological assessment consisted of a standardized symptom inventory (Brief Symptom Inventory) and a specially designed self-report questionnaire investigating reactions unique to surgeries for breast cancer and breast reconstruction. Both groups were equivalent sociodemographically, with the exception of age, where the nipple-added group was significantly younger (P = 0.035) than the nipple-not-added group. The nipple-added group reported significantly greater satisfaction with breast reconstruction with regard to overall satisfaction (P = 0.004), satisfaction with size (P = 0.02), satisfaction with softness (P = 0.0004), sexual sensitivity (P = 0.006), and satisfaction with nude appearance (P = 0.02). Of the nine scales of clinical symptomatology on the Brief Symptom Inventory, the nipple-added group showed more increased symptoms on seven of the nine. The nipple-added group was significantly higher on two of these scales, namely, paranoid ideation (P = 0.009) and anxiety (P = 0.03).

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Total skin-sparing mastectomy: complications and local recurrence rates in 2 cohorts of patients.

Elisabeth R Garwood, L. Esserman, Cheryl Ewing … (2008)

Dissemination of the total skin-sparing mastectomy (TSSM) technique is limited by concerns of nipple viability, flap necrosis, local recurrence risk, and the technical challenge of this procedure. We sought to define the impact of surgical and reconstructive variables on complication rates and assess how changes in technique affect outcomes. We compared the outcomes of TSSM in 2 cohorts of patients. Cohort 1: the first 64 TSSM procedures performed at our institution, between 2001 and 2005. Cohort 2: 106 TSSM performed between 2005 and 2007. Outcomes of cohort 1 were analyzed in 2005. At that time, potential risk factors for complications were identified, and efforts to minimize these risks by altering operative and reconstructive technique were then applied to patients in cohort 2. The impact of these changes on outcomes was assessed. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between predictor variables and adverse outcomes (Stata 10). The predominant incision type in cohort 2 involved less than a third of the nipple areola complex (NAC), and the most frequent reconstruction technique was tissue expander placement. Between cohort 1 and cohort 2, nipple survival rates rose from 80% to 95% (P = 0.003) and complication rates declined: necrotic complications (30% --> 13%; P = 0.01), implant loss (31% --> 10%; P = 0.005), skin flap necrosis (16%-11%; not significant), and significant infections (17%-9%, not significant). Incisions involving >30% of the NAC (P < 0.001) and reconstruction with autologous tissue (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for necrotic complications. The local recurrence rate was 0.6% at a median follow-up of 13 months (range, 1-65), with no recurrences in the NAC. Focused improvement in technique has resulted in the development of TSSM as a successful intervention at our institution that is oncologically safe with high nipple viability and early low rates of recurrence. Identifying factors that contribute to complications and changing surgical and reconstructive techniques to eliminate risk factors has greatly improved outcomes.