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      Prophylactic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Direct-to-Implant Reconstruction of the Large and Ptotic Breast : Is Preshaping of the Challenging Breast a Key to Success?

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          Abstract

          Nipple-sparing mastectomy with simultaneous hammock technique direct-to-implant reconstruction is increasingly offered to patients opting for risk-reducing mastectomy. Despite this promising method, patients with macromastia and ptotic breasts remain a challenging group to treat satisfactorily and more often end up undergoing a difficult corrective procedure and experience an unacceptably high rate of failed reconstruction. The authors examined whether targeted preshaping mastopexy/reduction could prepare these patients for a successful nipple-sparing mastectomy/direct-to-implant reconstruction.

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          Most cited references9

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          Retrospective review of 331 consecutive immediate single-stage implant reconstructions with acellular dermal matrix: indications, complications, trends, and costs.

          Immediate single-stage direct-to-implant breast reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix optimizes aesthetics by preserving the mastectomy skin envelope. The authors report trends, early complications, and costs. A retrospective review of three surgeons' experience was performed for immediate single-stage implant reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix and tissue expander reconstruction without it at Massachusetts General Hospital. Two hundred eleven patients had 331 direct-to-implant reconstructions using AlloDerm following nipple-sparing (n = 66) or skin-sparing (n = 265) mastectomy for cancer (n = 216) or prophylaxis (n = 115). The number of single-stage implant reconstructions increased from seven in 2006 to 116 in 2009. The percentage performed for prophylaxis increased from 29 percent to 41 percent. Fifty-one patients underwent preoperative (n = 33) or postoperative (n = 18) irradiation. Total complications included 10 infections (3.0 percent), five seromas (1.5 percent), four hematomas (1.2 percent), and 30 reconstructions (9.1 percent), with skin necrosis leading to five implant losses (1.5 percent). Tissue expander reconstruction without AlloDerm had a similar total complication rate (158 reconstructions) (p = 0.18), including nine infections (5.7 percent), three seromas (1.9 percent), three hematomas (1.9 percent), and 16 reconstructions (10.1 percent), with skin necrosis leading to 11 implant losses (7.0 percent). A higher complication rate occurred in the surgeons' combined first year performing single-stage implant reconstruction (21.4 percent) compared with subsequent years (10.9 percent) (p < 0.02) and in one- or two-stage reconstruction patients undergoing irradiation (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in total overall costs (p = 0.8). Immediate single-stage implant reconstruction using acellular dermal matrix offers a cost-effective reconstruction with a low complication rate. This may be the procedure of choice in select patients. Therapeutic, III.
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            Breast reconstruction using a staged nipple-sparing mastectomy following mastopexy or reduction.

            To address those patients who do not meet anatomical criteria for nipple-sparing mastectomy, the authors use a staged approach: (1) mastopexy or breast reduction, (2) nipple-sparing mastectomy through the mastopexy incisions after a minimum of 3 to 4 weeks, and (3) the final reconstruction.
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              Is oncologic safety compatible with a predictably viable mastectomy skin flap?

              Necrosis with partial loss of mastectomy flaps is an all-too-common complication of otherwise advantageous skin-sparing mastectomies. Central to the problem of predictable flap viability is the thickness of the skin flaps. Seeking a balance between the preservation of adequate flap thickness and maintenance of oncologic principles, the authors sought guidelines to help the oncologic surgeon identify the non-breast-bearing subcutaneous layer of tissue between the epithelial/dermal tissue of the breast and its parenchyma. Breast specimens of women receiving reduction mammaplasty were prospectively examined by an experienced, blinded breast pathologist. Subcutaneous tissue thickness was measured from caudal dermis to breast parenchyma and correlated with age, body mass index, and breast specimen weight. No significant correlation was found between body mass index, age, or breast sample weight and the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue. Measurements did reveal a consistent and distinct layer of non-breast-bearing subcutaneous tissue between the dermis and the breast parenchyma, with a median thickness of about 1 cm. Both oncologic safety and a viable skin flap can be achieved if the subcutaneous layer present in most breasts is used as a guide for elevating the skin flaps, with subsequent oncologically safe resection of the cancer-containing breast parenchyma.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
                Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
                Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                0032-1052
                2017
                September 2017
                : 140
                : 3
                : 449-454
                Article
                10.1097/PRS.0000000000003621
                28841601
                ea8cb36c-4906-4754-a62e-6520da183ded
                © 2017
                History

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