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      Reconstrucción traqueal bajo oxigenación con membrana para circulación extracorpórea para el manejo de una lesión traumática: reporte de caso y revisión bibliográfica Translated title: Tracheal reconstruction under oxygenation with membrane extracorporeal circulation for the management of a traumatic lesion: case report and literature

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción. El traumatismo traqueal es una condición poco frecuente que puede ser ocasionada por traumas abiertos, cerrados o iatrogénicos; su presentación clínica es variable y el diagnóstico suele ser clínico, apoyándose en la radiografía de tórax, la tomografía cérvico-torácica y la fibrobroncoscopia. Su manejo representa todo un reto médico y quirúrgico, y se requieren múltiples herramientas para su adecuado tratamiento. La terapia con oxigenación con membrana para circulación extracorpórea ha sido ampliamente utilizada en el manejo de pacientes con falla respiratoria aguda, en los cuales los métodos convencionales de asistencia respiratoria mecánica no son suficientes para garantizar una adecuada oxigenación. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con una lesión traqueal iatrogénica reparada quirúrgicamente, bajo asistencia con oxigenación con membrana para circulación extracorpórea, para garantizar la oxigenación tisular y la adecuada recuperación y supervivencia de la paciente. Conclusiones. La terapia con oxigenación con membrana para circulación extracorpórea es una excelente alternativa para el manejo quirúrgico de las lesiones traqueales complejas que amenazan la vida del paciente, ya que permite brindar un soporte vital y un adecuado intercambio gaseoso durante el procedimiento.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Tracheal trauma is a rare condition that can be caused by open, closed, or iatrogenic trauma; its clinical presentation is variable and the diagnosis is usually clinical, supported by chest X-ray, thoracic CT and bronchoscopy. Its management represents a medical and surgical challenge, requiring multiple tools for the proper treatment of this entity. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy has been widely used in the management of patients with acute ventilatory failure in whom conventional methods of mechanical ventilation are insufficient to ensure adequate oxygenation of the patient. Case report: We present the case of a patient with a surgically repaired iatrogenic tracheal lesion conducted with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to maintain tissue oxygenation and assure recuperation and survival. Conclusions: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy is an excellent alternative for the surgical management of complex tracheal lesions that threaten the patient’s life, allowing vital support and adequate gas exchange during the procedure.

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          Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critically ill adults.

          Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of life support that targets the heart and lungs. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure accesses and returns blood from the venous system and provides non-pulmonary gas exchange. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe cardiac failure or for refractory cardiac arrest (extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR)) provides gas exchange and systemic circulation. The configuration of ECMO is variable, and several pump-driven and pump-free systems are in use. Use of ECMO is associated with several risks. Patient-related adverse events include haemorrhage or extremity ischaemia; circuit-related adverse effects may include pump failure, oxygenator failure and thrombus formation. Use of ECMO in newborns and infants is well established, yet its clinical effectiveness in adults remains uncertain.
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            Management of iatrogenic tracheobronchial injuries: a retrospective analysis of 29 cases.

            Tracheobronchial injuries are rare but potentially life-threatening complications of endotracheal intubations or endobronchial interventions. This retrospective analysis discusses the criteria for the operative and nonoperative management of tracheal lacerations. From July 1996 to June 2006, 29 patients with iatrogenic tracheobronchial injuries were diagnosed at our institution. The injury occurred during single-lumen tube intubation in 14 patients and during double-lumen tube intubation in 2 patients. Two ruptures were diagnosed after surgical tracheostomy, eight after dilational percutaneous tracheostomy, and three after interventional bronchoscopy. The lacerations in 11 patients were superficial or were sufficiently covered by the esophagus, and they underwent conservative management. Bronchoscopy revealed healing per primam in every case. Surgical repair was done in 18 patients (62%). The transtracheal approach was used for repair in 7 patients; a right-sided posterolateral thoracotomy was performed in 11 patients with lacerations affecting the lower third of the trachea. Three surgical patients died from causes unrelated to the tracheal injury. No clinically evident mediastinitis or postoperative tracheobronchial stenosis was observed. The decision for operative or nonoperative treatment of iatrogenic tracheobronchial lacerations is determined by the ventilating situation and the local extent of the injury. Nonoperative management of iatrogenic tracheobronchial injuries may be a save option in patients with uncomplicated ventilation, superficial or sufficiently covered tears, and moderate and nonprogressive emphysema. Immediate surgical repair remains warranted in those patients who require mechanical ventilation that cannot be delivered past the laceration.
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              Using CT to diagnose tracheal rupture.

              A retrospective study was performed to assess CT sensitivity for diagnosing tracheal rupture. Intubated cadaver tracheas were examined to assess endotracheal tube balloon overdistention and deformity and to evaluate the relationship of balloon pressures to tracheal injury. Neck or chest CT scans of 14 patients with tracheal rupture and 41 control trauma patients with pneumomediastinum but without tracheal injury were reviewed and compared to assess the presence and location of extrapulmonary air, whether direct visualization of tracheal wall disruption was possible, the size and shape of endotracheal tube balloon, signs of transtracheal balloon herniation in intubated patients, and the location of the extratracheal endotracheal tube. Intact and experimentally injured cadaver tracheas were used to evaluate tube balloon pressure and configuration. All 14 patients with tracheal rupture had deep cervical air and pneumomediastinum. Overdistention of the tube balloon occurred in 71% (5/7) of the intubated patients, and balloon herniation occurred in 29% (2/7). Direct tracheal injury was seen in 71% (10/14) of the patients as a wall defect (n = 8) or deformity (n = 2). Overall, CT was 85% sensitive for detecting tracheal injury. Patients with tracheal injury had a significantly lower incidence of pneumothorax (p = 0.01) than did the control group. The CT appearance of balloon herniation through defects in the cadaver tracheas closely mimicked those of patients with tracheal injury. The amount of balloon pressure required to rupture the intubated trachea was extremely high and rupture was difficult to obtain. CT can reveal tracheal injury and can be used to select trauma patients with pneumomediastinum for bronchoscopy, leading to early confirmation and treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcci
                Revista Colombiana de Cirugía
                rev. colomb. cir.
                Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                2011-7582
                June 2018
                : 33
                : 2
                : 211-219
                Affiliations
                [2] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad CES Colombia
                [4] Medellín orgnameClínica CardioVID Colombia
                [3] Medellín Antioquía orgnameUniversidad Pontificia Bolivariana Colombia
                [1] Medellín orgnameClínica CardioVID Colombia
                Article
                S2011-75822018000200211
                10.30944/20117582.64
                e9c4b77c-f81c-4d93-8e24-6e76f07fa397

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 September 2017
                : 09 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                tráquea,traumatismos del cuello,enfermedad iatrogénica,reconstrucción,respiración artificial,oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea,trachea,neck injuries,iatrogenic disease,reconstruction,respiration,artificial,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

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