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      Cáncer de cabeza y cuello en Uruguay. Análisis de sobrevida en dos centros de referencia Translated title: Câncer de cabeça e pescoço no Uruguai. Análise de sobrevivência em dois centros de referência Translated title: Head and neck cancer in Uruguay. Survival analysis in two reference centers

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Introducción: el carcinoma escamoso de cabeza y cuello (HNSCC) es el cáncer de mayor prevalencia en la otorrinolaringología, ocupando en el Uruguay el quinto lugar en incidencia y el sexto lugar en mortalidad en hombres. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la sobrevida global de pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello en dos centros de referencia de Montevideo. Método: se analizó de forma retrospectiva la sobrevida global de 436 pacientes diagnosticados con HNSCC entre los años 2005 y 2015. Se analizó la sobrevida por método de Kaplan-Meier en relación con el estadio tumoral, topografía, estatus de tabaquismo y alcoholismo de los pacientes. Para el estudio de la interacción de las variables con posible importancia en el pronóstico se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Cox. Resultados: la mediana de sobrevida global de los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello en nuestra serie es de 35,8 meses (23,5-48,1, IC 95%), para el cáncer de laringe fue superior a la del resto de los pacientes con cáncer de otros sitios anatómicos, 77,3 (49,3-105,2, IC 95%) versus 26,2 meses (20,7-48,1, IC 95%, p < 0,001). No hubo diferencia entre la sobrevida global de tabaquistas y no tabaquistas. El grupo de los no alcoholistas presentó una mejor sobrevida global que el grupo de los alcoholistas, 72,4 (39,1-105,7, IC 95%) versus 26,7 (19,9-33,6 IC 95%). El análisis multivariante identificó el estadio y el alcoholismo como factores pronósticos independientes en nuestra serie. Conclusiones: la mediana de sobrevida global de nuestra serie es similar a la reportada en la bibliografía internacional. Los pacientes con cáncer de laringe presentan mayor sobrevida que los pacientes con cáncer de otros sitios otorrinolaringológicos. De los factores de riesgo clásicos, en nuestra serie el consumo de alcohol impacta negativamente en sobrevida de los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Introdução: o carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (HNSCC) é o câncer com maior prevalência em Otorrinolaringologia; no Uruguai é o quinto tumor em incidência e o sexto em mortalidade em homens. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a sobrevida global dos pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço em dois centros de referência de Montevidéu. Métodos: fez-se uma análise retrospectiva da sobrevida global de 436 pacientes diagnosticados com HNSCC no período 2005-2015. A sobrevida foi estudada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier em relação ao estádio tumoral, topografia, estatus de tabaquismo e alcoolismo dos pacientes. Para estudar a interação das variáveis com possível importância no prognóstico utilizou-se o modelo de regressão de Cox. Resultados: a mediana de sobrevida global dos pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço na nossa serie foi de 35,8 meses (23,5-48,1, IC 95%), sendo superior para o câncer de laringe ao do resto dos pacientes com câncer de outros sítios anatômicos, 77,3 (49,3-105,2, IC 95%) versus 26,2 meses (20,7-48,1, IC 95%, p < 0,001). Não se observou diferença entre a sobrevida global de fumantes e não fumantes. O grupo dos não alcoolistas apresentou uma melhor sobrevida global que o grupo dos alcoolistas, 72,4 (39,1-105,7, IC 95%) versus 26,7 (19,9-33,6 IC 95%). A análise multivariante identificou o estádio e o alcoolismo como fatores prognósticos independentes na nossa serie. Conclusões: a mediana de sobrevida global da nossa serie é similar à descrita na bibliografia internacional. Os pacientes com câncer de laringe apresentam maior sobrevida que os pacientes com câncer de outros sítios otorrinolaringológicos. Dos fatores de risco clássicos, na nossa serie o consumo de álcool impacta negativamente na sobrevida dos pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Introduction: head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is the most prevalent cancer in otorhinolaryngology, being it the fifth cancer in terms of incidence in Uruguay and the sixth in male mortality. The study aims at analysing global survival in patients with head and neck cancer in two reference centers in Montevideo. Method: retrospective analysis of global survival of 436 patients diagnosed with HNSCC between 2005 and 2015. Survival was analysed with the Kaplan-Meier method with regard to the patients’ stage of cancer, topography, smoking and alcohol consumption. The Cox regression method was used to study the interaction of variables with potential importance in the prognosis. Results: in our series median global survival of patients with head and neck cancer is 35.8 months (23.5-48.1, CI 95%), it as higher for larynx cancer than that of the rest of the patients with cancer in other anatomic sites, 77.3 (49.4-105.2, CI 95%) versus 26.2 months (20.7 - 48.1, CI 95%, p < 0,001). There was no difference between the global survival of smokers and non-smokers. Non-alcohol consumers presented a better global survival than the group of alcohol consumers, 72.4 (39.1-105.7, CI 95%) versus 26.7 (19.9-33.6 CI 95%). The multivariable analysis identified stage of cancer and alcohol consumption as independent prognostic factors in our series. Conclusions: median global survival in our series is similar to that reported in the international bibliography. Patients with larynx cancer evidence a longer survival than patients with cancer in other otorhinolaryngologic sites. As to classic risk factors, alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the survival of patients with head and neck cancer.

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          Alcohol’s Effect on Host Defense

          Alcohol affects many organs, including the immune system, with even moderate amounts of alcohol influencing immune responses. Although alcohol can alter the actions of all cell populations involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses, the effect in many cases is a subclinical immunosuppression that becomes clinically relevant only after a secondary insult (e.g., bacterial or viral infection or other tissue damage). Alcohol’s specific effects on the innate immune system depend on the pattern of alcohol exposure, with acute alcohol inhibiting and chronic alcohol accelerating inflammatory responses. The proinflammatory effects of chronic alcohol play a major role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease and pancreatitis, but also affect numerous other organs and tissues. In addition to promoting proinflammatory immune responses, alcohol also impairs anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic alcohol exposure also interferes with the normal functioning of all aspects of the adaptive immune response, including both cell-mediated and humoral responses. All of these effects enhance the susceptibility of chronic alcoholics to viral and bacterial infections and to sterile inflammation.
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            Smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in head and neck cancer: findings from a large, population-based study.

            Some studies suggest smoking may result in poorer clinical outcomes in head and neck cancer, but the evidence is heterogeneous and some of it is poor quality. In a large, population-based, study we investigated: (i) whether smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in head and neck cancer; and (ii) whether the association varies by site and treatment.
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              Human papillomavirus predicts outcome in oropharyngeal cancer in patients treated primarily with surgery or radiation therapy

              Objective: This study examines the prognostic significance of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated primarily with surgery or definitive radiotherapy. Methods: One hundred and ninety-eight patients with Stage 3/4 SCC were followed up for recurrence in any form or death from any cause for between 1 and 235 months after diagnosis. HPV status was determined using HPV E6-targeted multiplex real-time PCR/p16 immunohistochemistry. Determinants of recurrence and mortality hazards were modelled using Cox's regression with censoring at follow-up dates. Results: Forty-two per cent of cancers were HPV-positive (87% type 16). HPV predicted loco-regional control, event-free survival and overall survival in multivariable analysis. Within the surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (n=110), definitive radiotherapy-alone (n=24) and definitive radiotherapy with chemotherapy (n=47) groups, patients with HPV-positive cancers were one-third or less as likely to have loco-regional recurrence, an event or to die of any cause as those with HPV-negative cancers after adjusting for age, gender, tumour grade, AJCC stage and primary site. The 14 patients treated with surgery alone were considered too few for multivariable analysis. Conclusion: HPV status predicts better outcome in oropharyngeal cancer treated with surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy as well as with definitive radiation therapy±chemotherapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmu
                Revista Médica del Uruguay
                Rev. Méd. Urug.
                Sindicato Médico del Uruguay (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0303-3295
                1688-0390
                2018
                : 34
                : 1
                : 42-63
                Affiliations
                [5] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas Uruguay
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas orgdiv2Cátedra de Otorrinolaringología Uruguay
                [4] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas Uruguay
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas orgdiv2Cátedra de Otorrinolaringología Uruguay drdiegoalvarezarias@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas orgdiv2Cátedra de Otorrinolaringología Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-03902018000100042
                10.29193/rmu.34.1.2
                e9c04f9c-afdd-47fd-ac31-bb69fc785fbd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 December 2017
                : 29 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay


                Neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço,Tabagismo,Alcoolismo,Sobrevida,Uruguai,Neoplasias de cabeza y cuello,Tabaquismo,Alcoholismo,Uruguay,Head and neck neoplasms,Tobacco use disorder,Alcoholism,Survivorship

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