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      Naturally Acquired Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection, Singapore

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          Abstract

          Naturally Acquired Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection, Singapore

          Abstract

          We report a case of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi in Singapore, a malaria-free country. Diagnosis was confirmed by PCR with validated species-specific primers. In industrialized countries, free-ranging primates are a potential source of P. knowlesi human infection. P. knowlesi infection is a differential diagnosis of febrile illness acquired in Singapore.

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          A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies.

          B. Singh, A Bobogare, J Cox-Singh … (1999)
          A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that uses Plasmodium genus-specific primers for the initial PCR (nest 1) amplification and either genus- or species-specific primers for the nest 2 amplifications was tested on laboratory and field samples. With in vitro cultured Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood samples, it was capable of detecting six parasites/microl of blood using DNA prepared from 25-microl blood spots on filter paper. The assay was evaluated on fingerprick blood samples collected on filter paper from 129 individuals living in a malaria-endemic area in Malaysia. Malaria prevalence by genus-specific nested PCR was 35.6% (46 of 129) compared with 28.7% (37 of 129) by microscopy. The nested PCR detected seven more malaria samples than microscopy in the first round of microscopic examination, malaria in three microscopically negative samples, six double infections identified as single infections by microscopy and one triple infection identified as a double infection by microscopy. The nested PCR assay described is a sensitive technique for collecting accurate malaria epidemiologic data. When coupled with simple blood spot sampling, it is particularly useful for screening communities in remote regions of the world.
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            Detection of four Plasmodium species in blood from humans by 18S rRNA gene subunit-based and species-specific real-time PCR assays.

            Mathieu Rougemont, Madeleine Van Saanen, Roland Sahli … (2004)
            There have been reports of increasing numbers of cases of malaria among migrants and travelers. Although microscopic examination of blood smears remains the "gold standard" in diagnosis, this method suffers from insufficient sensitivity and requires considerable expertise. To improve diagnosis, a multiplex real-time PCR was developed. One set of generic primers targeting a highly conserved region of the 18S rRNA gene of the genus Plasmodium was designed; the primer set was polymorphic enough internally to design four species-specific probes for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malarie, and P. ovale. Real-time PCR with species-specific probes detected one plasmid copy of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale specifically. The same sensitivity was achieved for all species with real-time PCR with the 18S screening probe. Ninety-seven blood samples were investigated. For 66 of them (60 patients), microscopy and real-time PCR results were compared and had a crude agreement of 86% for the detection of plasmodia. Discordant results were reevaluated with clinical, molecular, and sequencing data to resolve them. All nine discordances between 18S screening PCR and microscopy were resolved in favor of the molecular method, as were eight of nine discordances at the species level for the species-specific PCR among the 31 samples positive by both methods. The other 31 blood samples were tested to monitor the antimalaria treatment in seven patients. The number of parasites measured by real-time PCR fell rapidly for six out of seven patients in parallel to parasitemia determined microscopically. This suggests a role of quantitative PCR for the monitoring of patients receiving antimalaria therapy.
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              Naturally Acquired Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Human, Thailand

              Somchai Jongwutiwes, Chaturong Putaporntip, Takuya Iwasaki … (2004)
              We describe a case of naturally acquired infection with Plasmodium knowlesi in Thailand. Diagnosis was confirmed by the small subunit ribosomal RNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. The occurrence of simian malaria in human has signified the roles of wild primate populations in disease transmission in some malaria-endemic areas.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): May 2008
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 814-816
                Affiliations
                [* ]Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
                [† ]DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
                [‡ ]Singapore Armed Forces Headquarters Medical Corps, Singapore
                [§ ]Environmental Health Institute, Singapore
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Oon Tek Ng, Department of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433; email: oon_tek_ng@ 123456ttsh.com.sg
                Article
                Publisher ID: 07-0863
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1405.070863
                PMC ID: 2600232
                PubMed ID: 18439370
                SO-VID: e8d35397-925e-4d62-8794-94fa9790c7b1
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: parasites,dispatch,malaria,zoonoses
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: parasites, dispatch, malaria, zoonoses

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