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      Obtaining new resolutions in carnivore tooth pit morphological analyses: A methodological update for digital taphonomy

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          Abstract

          Modern day investigation in fields of archaeology and palaeontology can be greatly characterised by an exponential growth of integrated new technologies, nevertheless, while these advances are of great significance to multiple lines of research, their evaluation and update over time is equally as important. Here we present an application of inter and intra-observer analysis in taphonomy based geometric morphometrics, employing robust non-parametric statistical analyses for the study of experimental carnivore tooth pit morphologies. To fully understand the influence of measurement errors in the collection of this data, our statistical assessment was performed on fully superimposed, partially superimposed and raw landmark coordinates collected from 3D surface scanning. Experimental samples used to assess these errors includes wolf and dog tooth pits used in modern day ecological livestock predation analysis. Results obtained from this study highlight the importance of landmark type in the assessment of error, emphasising the value of semi-landmark models over the use of ambiguous Type III landmarks. In addition to this, data also reveals the importance of observer experience for the collection of data alongside an interesting increase in error when working with fully superimposed landmarks due to the “Pinocchio Effect”. Through this study we are able to redefine the geometric morphometric models used for tooth pit morphological analyses. This final hybrid Type II fixed landmark and semi-landmark model presents a significant reduction in human induced error, generating a more metrically reliable and replicable method that can be used for data pooling in future inter-institutional research. These results can be considered a fundamental step forward for carnivore inspired studies, having an impact on archaeological, palaeontological, modern-day ecological research as well as applications in other forensic sciences.

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          A Survey on Transfer Learning

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            Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis

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              Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Resources
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0240328
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Cartographic and Terrain Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila, University of Salamanca, Ávila, Spain
                [2 ] Department of Prehistory, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
                [3 ] C. A. I. Archaeometry and Archaeological Analysis, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
                [4 ] Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana I Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain
                [5 ] Department d’Historia i Historiao de l’Art, Universitat de Rovira I Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
                [6 ] Unit Associated to CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiologia, Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
                [7 ] Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputación Provincial de Ávila, Ávila, Spain
                [8 ] Department of Topographic and Cartography Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineers in Topography, Geodesy and Cartography, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
                The Cyprus Institute, CYPRUS
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-2001
                Article
                PONE-D-20-11371
                10.1371/journal.pone.0240328
                7544140
                33031413
                e5b242a7-ea01-41b4-89c7-f5526f12db91
                © 2020 Courtenay et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 24 April 2020
                : 24 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 11, Tables: 6, Pages: 30
                Funding
                Funded by: General Foundation of the University of Salamanca
                Award ID: PC-TCUE18-20_2013
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014440, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades;
                Award ID: PRE2019-089411
                Award Recipient :
                L.A.C. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities with a FPI Predoctoral Grant (Ref. PRE2019-089411) associated to project RTI2018-099850-B-I00 and the University of Salamanca. R.H. is supported by MICINNFEDER PGC2018-093925-B-C32, the AGUAR project number SGR 2017-1040; the Universitat Rovira I Virgili (2014, 2015 and 2016 PFR-URV-B2-147) and CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. D.H.R. is supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, under the contract REF: PEJ2019-005420-A as part of the i+D+I Garantía Juvenil. Finally L.A.C., M.Á.M.G and D.G.A. are supported by the General Foundation of the University of Salamanca under the Plan TCUE 2018-2020; Project “WOLF_FOOTPRINT” (PC-TCUE18-20_2013); lead researcher D.G.A. Funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Trophic Interactions
                Carnivory
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Trophic Interactions
                Carnivory
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Wolves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Wolves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Dogs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Dogs
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Morphometry
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Digestive Physiology
                Dentition
                Custom metadata
                All data used are held in a public repository and directly cited in the text. Data as well as any code used can be found at https://github.com/LACourtenay/GMM_Measurement_Accuracy_Tools while an additional supplementary video has been provided via https://vimeo.com/409256777

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