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      Los fosfitos y sus aplicaciones en la agricultura Translated title: Phosphites and their applications in agriculture

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          Abstract

          Resumen Los fosfitos son compuestos derivados del ácido fosforoso que regularmente se combinan con iones como potasio, sodio, calcio o amonio. La diferencia química entre fosfatos y fosfitos radica en un átomo de oxígeno, el cual es sustituido por uno de hidrógeno. Debido a su similitud estructural, los fosfitos son considerados como análogos de los fosfatos. Si bien en la actualidad es aceptado el uso de los fosfitos por su acción bioestimulante vegetal, así como auxiliar en el control de fitoparásitos como oomycetes, protozoos, hongos, bacterias y nematodos, es aún debatido su uso como fuente de fósforo para la nutrición vegetal. Tanto fosfitos como fosfatos pueden ser absorbidos por las plantas mediante las hojas o las raíces; sin embargo, los fosfitos no se pueden reducir dentro de la célula vegetal a un estado de oxidación más bajo. No obstante, los fosfitos pueden verse oxidados a fosfatos si se aplican directamente al suelo. La capacidad de microorganismos del suelo de poder oxidar los fosfitos a fosfatos abre una posibilidad de que estos puedan ser aplicados como fuente de nutrición complementaria a los fertilizantes fosfatados. El documento elaborado es una revisión de las investigaciones que aborda el papel de los fosfitos dentro de la agricultura en la actualidad, sus usos como bioestimulador, fungicida y su posibilidad de uso como fertilizante fosfatado, así como una recopilación de las investigaciones más relevantes sobre estos usos y los resultados.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Phosphites are compounds derived from phosphorous acid that regularly combine with ions such as potassium, sodium, calcium or ammonium. The chemical difference between phosphates and phosphites lies in an oxygen atom, which is replaced by a hydrogen atom. Due to their structural similarity, phosphites are considered to be analogs of phosphates. Although the use of phosphites is currently accepted for their plant biostimulant action, as well as for their auxiliary action in the control of phytoparasites such as oomycetes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and nematodes, their use as a source of phosphorus for plant nutrition is still debated. Both phosphites and phosphates can be taken up by plants through leaves or roots; however, phosphites cannot be reduced within the plant cell to a lower oxidation state. Nevertheless, phosphites can be oxidized to phosphates if applied directly to the soil. The ability of soil microorganisms to be able to oxidize phosphites to phosphates opens up a possibility that phosphites can be applied as a complementary source of nutrition to phosphate fertilizers. The document prepared is a review of studies that addresses the role that phosphites play in agriculture nowadays, their uses as biostimulators, fungicides and their possibility of use as phosphate fertilizer, as well as a compilation of the most relevant studies on these uses and the results.

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          Most cited references43

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          Phosphite, an analog of phosphate, suppresses the coordinated expression of genes under phosphate starvation.

          Phosphate (Pi) and its analog phosphite (Phi) are acquired by plants via Pi transporters. Although the uptake and mobility of Phi and Pi are similar, there is no evidence suggesting that plants can utilize Phi as a sole source of phosphorus. Phi is also known to interfere with many of the Pi starvation responses in plants and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In this study, effects of Phi on plant growth and coordinated expression of genes induced by Pi starvation were analyzed. Phi suppressed many of the Pi starvation responses that are commonly observed in plants. Enhanced root growth and root to shoot ratio, a hallmark of Pi stress response, was strongly inhibited by Phi. The negative effects of Phi were not obvious in plants supplemented with Pi. The expression of Pi starvation-induced genes such as LePT1, LePT2, AtPT1, and AtPT2 (high-affinity Pi transporters); LePS2 (a novel acid phosphatase); LePS3 and TPSI1 (novel genes); and PAP1 (purple acid phosphatase) was suppressed by Phi in plants and cell cultures. Expression of luciferase reporter gene driven by the Pi starvation-induced AtPT2 promoter was also suppressed by Phi. These analyses showed that suppression of Pi starvation-induced genes is an early response to addition of Phi. These data also provide evidence that Phi interferes with gene expression at the level of transcription. Synchronized suppression of multiple Pi starvation-induced genes by Phi points to its action on the early molecular events, probably signal transduction, in Pi starvation response.
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            Phosphite (phosphorous acid): Fungicide, fertilizer or bio-stimulator?

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              Biostimulant activity of phosphite in horticulture

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                remexca
                Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
                Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                2007-0934
                March 2022
                : 13
                : 2
                : 345-354
                Affiliations
                [4] Texcoco Estado de México orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo orgdiv1Departamento de Fitotecnia Mexico anasofiacasg@ 123456hotmail.com
                [2] Toluca orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México orgdiv1Campus Universitario El Cerrillo orgdiv2Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales Mexico amartinezc@ 123456uaemex.mx
                [3] Toluca orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México orgdiv1Campus Universitario ‘El Cerrillo’ orgdiv2Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Fitomejoramiento Mexico mrubia@ 123456uaemex.mx
                [1] Toluca orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México orgdiv1Campus Universitario El Cerrillo orgdiv2Posgrado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales Mexico emoralesm374@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S2007-09342022000200345 S2007-0934(22)01300200345
                10.29312/remexca.v13i2.2906
                e4c4367f-063f-4df7-869e-bd852b246789

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 January 2022
                : 01 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ensayos

                fertilizer,fungicida,fertilizante,bioestimulador,ácido fosforoso,phosphorous acid,fungicide,biostimulator

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