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      Validity of inertial sensor based 3D joint kinematics of static and dynamic sport and physiotherapy specific movements

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          Abstract

          3D joint kinematics can provide important information about the quality of movements. Optical motion capture systems (OMC) are considered the gold standard in motion analysis. However, in recent years, inertial measurement units (IMU) have become a promising alternative. The aim of this study was to validate IMU-based 3D joint kinematics of the lower extremities during different movements. Twenty-eight healthy subjects participated in this study. They performed bilateral squats (SQ), single-leg squats (SLS) and countermovement jumps (CMJ). The IMU kinematics was calculated using a recently-described sensor-fusion algorithm. A marker based OMC system served as a reference. Only the technical error based on algorithm performance was considered, incorporating OMC data for the calibration, initialization, and a biomechanical model. To evaluate the validity of IMU-based 3D joint kinematics, root mean squared error (RMSE), range of motion error (ROME), Bland-Altman (BA) analysis as well as the coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) were calculated. The evaluation was twofold. First, the IMU data was compared to OMC data based on marker clusters; and, second based on skin markers attached to anatomical landmarks. The first evaluation revealed means for RMSE and ROME for all joints and tasks below 3°. The more dynamic task, CMJ, revealed error measures approximately 1° higher than the remaining tasks. Mean CMC values ranged from 0.77 to 1 over all joint angles and all tasks. The second evaluation showed an increase in the RMSE of 2.28°– 2.58° on average for all joints and tasks. Hip flexion revealed the highest average RMSE in all tasks (4.87°– 8.27°). The present study revealed a valid IMU-based approach for the measurement of 3D joint kinematics in functional movements of varying demands. The high validity of the results encourages further development and the extension of the present approach into clinical settings.

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          Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 3. Soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation.

          When using optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry, skin deformation and displacement causes marker movement with respect to the underlying bone. This movement represents an artifact, which affects the estimation of the skeletal system kinematics, and is regarded as the most critical source of error in human movement analysis. A comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art for assessment, minimization and compensation of the soft tissue artifact (STA) is provided. It has been shown that STA is greater than the instrumental error associated with stereophotogrammetry, has a frequency content similar to the actual bone movement, is task dependent and not reproducible among subjects and, of lower limb segments, is greatest at the thigh. It has been shown that in in vivo experiments only motion about the flexion/extension axis of the hip, knees and ankles can be determined reliably. Motion about other axes at those joints should be regarded with much more caution as this artifact produces spurious effects with magnitudes comparable to the amount of motion actually occurring in those joints. Techniques designed to minimize the contribution of and compensate for the effects of this artifact can be divided up into those which model the skin surface and those which include joint motion constraints. Despite the numerous solutions proposed, the objective of reliable estimation of 3D skeletal system kinematics using skin markers has not yet been satisfactorily achieved and greatly limits the contribution of human movement analysis to clinical practice and biomechanical research. For STA to be compensated for effectively, it is here suggested that either its subject-specific pattern is assessed by ad hoc exercises or it is characterized from a large series of measurements on different subject populations. Alternatively, inclusion of joint constraints into a more general STA minimization approach may provide an acceptable solution.
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            Inertial Measurement Units for Clinical Movement Analysis: Reliability and Concurrent Validity

            The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and concurrent validity of a commercially available Xsens MVN BIOMECH inertial-sensor-based motion capture system during clinically relevant functional activities. A clinician with no prior experience of motion capture technologies and an experienced clinical movement scientist each assessed 26 healthy participants within each of two sessions using a camera-based motion capture system and the MVN BIOMECH system. Participants performed overground walking, squatting, and jumping. Sessions were separated by 4 ± 3 days. Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient and standard error of measurement, and validity was evaluated using the coefficient of multiple correlation and the linear fit method. Day-to-day reliability was generally fair-to-excellent in all three planes for hip, knee, and ankle joint angles in all three tasks. Within-day (between-rater) reliability was fair-to-excellent in all three planes during walking and squatting, and poor-to-high during jumping. Validity was excellent in the sagittal plane for hip, knee, and ankle joint angles in all three tasks and acceptable in frontal and transverse planes in squat and jump activity across joints. Our results suggest that the MVN BIOMECH system can be used by a clinician to quantify lower-limb joint angles in clinically relevant movements.
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              Validation of inertial measurement units with an optoelectronic system for whole-body motion analysis.

              The potential of inertial measurement units (IMUs) for ergonomics applications appears promising. However, previous IMUs validation studies have been incomplete regarding aspects of joints analysed, complexity of movements and duration of trials. The objective was to determine the technological error and biomechanical model differences between IMUs and an optoelectronic system and evaluate the effect of task complexity and duration. Whole-body kinematics from 12 participants was recorded simultaneously with a full-body Xsens system where an Optotrak cluster was fixed on every IMU. Short functional movements and long manual material handling tasks were performed and joint angles were compared between the two systems. The differences attributed to the biomechanical model showed significantly greater (P ≤ .001) RMSE than the technological error. RMSE was systematically higher (P ≤ .001) for the long complex task with a mean on all joints of 2.8° compared to 1.2° during short functional movements. Definition of local coordinate systems based on anatomical landmarks or single posture was the most influent difference between the two systems. Additionally, IMUs accuracy was affected by the complexity and duration of the tasks. Nevertheless, technological error remained under 5° RMSE during handling tasks, which shows potential to track workers during their daily labour.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 February 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 2
                : e0213064
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
                [2 ] Department of Sport Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
                University of Memphis, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-401X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1982-6374
                Article
                PONE-D-18-23834
                10.1371/journal.pone.0213064
                6394915
                30817787
                e319f569-779c-48c1-8ba9-b3bada7651bb
                © 2019 Teufl et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 August 2018
                : 14 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 3, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: 16SV7115
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: 03IHS075B
                Award Recipient :
                This work was performed by the interdisciplinary Junior Research Group wearHEALTH, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Grant numbers: 16SV7115 to GB, and 03IHS075B to GB. For more information, please visit the website www.wearhealth.org. The fundershad no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeletal Joints
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeletal Joints
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Kinematics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Knees
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Knees
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Hip
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Hip
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Ankles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Ankles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeletal Joints
                Knee Joints
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeletal Joints
                Knee Joints
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Integumentary System
                Skin
                Skin Anatomy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Integumentary System
                Skin
                Skin Anatomy
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. A detailed description of the IMU to segment calibration method, the rigid transformation of IMU to rigid marker cluster, the initialization process and the joint angle calculation is accessible on protocols.io via the DOI dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.vwye7fw. The additional Bland-Altman plots of the hip, knee and ankle joint and pelvis global 3D motion of both evaluation methods is accessible on protocols.io under the DOI: dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.sj4ecqw.

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