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      Longitudinal development of different dimensions of perfectionism in undergraduate medical students with respect to their medical school admission procedure Translated title: Longitudinale Entwicklung von verschiedenen Perfektionismusausprägungen bei Medizinstudierenden in Abhängigkeit ihrer Studienzulassung

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          Abstract

          Objective: The concept of perfectionism comprises high standards of performance as needed in medicine, but also concerns about making mistakes and dealing with social reactions about not being perfect. Perfectionism is associated with motivation and deep learning strategies but high expression of perfectionism has been found to be associated with symptoms of stress and anxiety in students. We aim to gain insights into the longitudinal development of different dimensions of perfectionism in medical students with respect to their way of medical school admission.

          Methods: At the Medical Faculty of Hamburg University, 167 undergraduate medical students completed validated questionnaires (MPS-H and MPS-F) of different dimensions of perfectionism and sociodemographic data including medical school admission procedures, personality traits (BSI-10 and GSE), and symptoms of depression and anxiety (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) at the start of their first year and at half term of their second year.

          Results: On average, after controlling for baseline and age, a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in Self-Oriented Perfectionism was found during the first two years in students who were admitted after a waiting period (M: -12.57; 95% CI: [-21.94 – -3.35]), by other ways of medical school entrance (M: -6.36; 95% CI: [-12.71 – -0.02]), by multiple mini-interviews (HAM-Int) (M: -5.52; 95% CI: [-9.90 – -1.14]), and by a natural science test (HAM-Nat) (M: -3.41; 95% CI: [-6.71 – -0.11]. Waiting period students also showed a significant longitudinal decline in the scale Personal Standards (M: -4.62; 95% CI: [-8.04 – -1.21].

          Conclusions: Since medical students from all admission groups except from the high school degree group showed a significant longitudinal decrease in Self-Oriented Perfectionism, high levels of aspects of perfectionism associated with intrinsic motivation or deep learning strategies could be included medical school admission processes. Additionally, particular attention needs to be paid not to induce a loss of intrinsic motivation or deep learning strategies during undergraduate medical education.

          Zusammenfassung

          Zielsetzung: Das Perfektionismuskonzept umfasst hohe Performanzstandards, wie sie in der Medizin erforderlich sind, aber auch Fehlersensibilität und das Umgehen mit sozialen Reaktionen auf nicht perfektes Verhalten. Perfektionismus steht in Zusammenhang mit Motivation und tiefen Lernstrategien, aber eine hohe Perfektionismusausprägung wurde bei Studierenden mit Stresssymptomen und Angstzuständen assoziiert gefunden. Ziel unserer Studie war es, Erkenntnisse über die longitudinale Entwicklung verschiedener Perfektionismusdimensionen bei Medizinstudierenden in Abhängigkeit ihrer Studienzulassung zu gewinnen.

          Methoden: An der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Hamburg füllten 167 Medizinstudierende am Anfang ihres ersten und in der Mitte ihres zweiten Studienjahres validierte Fragebögen (MPS-H und MPS-F) zu verschiedenen Perfektionismusdimensionen aus und machten Angaben zu soziodemografischen Daten, die auch die Art der Studienzulassung, Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (BSI-10 und GSE) und Depressions- und Angstsymptome (PHQ-9 und GAD-7) umfassten.

          Ergebnisse: Durchschnittlich fand sich nach Kontrolle für die Ausgangswerte und das Alter eine signifikante Abnahme (p≤0,05) in Selbstorientiertem Perfektionismus innerhalb der zwei Jahre für Studierende, die über Wartesemester (M: -12,57; 95% KI: [-21,94 – -3,35]), über andere Wege (M: -6,36; 95% KI: [-12,71 – -0,02]), über multiple Mini-Interviews (HAM-Int) (M: -5,52; 95% KI: [-9,90 – -1,14]) und über einen naturwissenschaftlichen Test (HAM-Nat) (M: -3,41; 95% KI: [-6,71 - -0,11] zum Medizinstudium zugelassen wurden. Wartesemester-Studierende zeigten darüber hinaus longitudinal eine signifikante Abnahme in Hohen Standards (M: -4,62; 95% KI: [-8,04 – -1,21].

          Schlussfolgerungen: Da alle Studierenden bis auf die, die über die Abiturnote zugelassen wurden, eine signifikante longitudinale Abnahme in Selbstorientiertem Perfektionismus zeigten, könnten hohe Ausprägungen von Perfektionismusaspekten, die mit intrinsischer Motivation oder tiefen Lernstrategien verbunden sind, mit in den Zulassungsprozess einbezogen werden. Darüber hinaus sollte besonderes Augenmerk darauf gelegt werden, einen Verlust an intrinsischer Motivation oder an tiefen Lernstrategien während des Medizinstudiums nicht zu induzieren.

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          Positive conceptions of perfectionism: approaches, evidence, challenges.

          Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled "normal perfectionism" and a negative form labeled "neurotic perfectionism." Focusing on the positive, we present an overview of the different empirical conceptions of the 2 forms of perfectionism and a common framework for the 2 basic approaches: the dimensional approach differentiating 2 dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) and the group-based approach differentiating 2 groups of perfectionists (healthy perfectionists and unhealthy perfectionists). Moreover, we review the evidence demonstrating that (a) perfectionistic strivings are associated with positive characteristics and (b) healthy perfectionists show higher levels of positive characteristics compared to unhealthy perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Although questions on core facets, positive effects, and developmental antecedents of positive forms of perfectionism remain, our findings suggest that self-oriented perfectionistic strivings are positive, if perfectionists are not overly concerned about mistakes and negative evaluations by others.
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            A comparison of two measures of perfectionism

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              Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology.

              This article attempted to demonstrate that the perfectionism construct is multidimensional, comprising both personal and social components, and that these components contribute to severe levels of psychopathology. We describe three dimensions of perfectionism: self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. Four studies confirm the multidimensionality of the construct and show that these dimensions can be assessed in a reliable and valid manner. Finally, a study with 77 psychiatric patients shows that self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism relate differentially to indices of personality disorders and other psychological maladjustment. A multidimensional approach to the study of perfectionism is warranted, particularly in terms of the association between perfectionism and maladjustment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 July 2019
                2019
                : 36
                : 4
                : Doc44
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, III. Department of Internal Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Sigrid Harendza, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, III. Department of Internal Medicine, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, Phone: +49 (0)40/7410-53908, Fax: +49 (0)40/7410-40218, E-mail: harendza@ 123456uke.de
                Article
                zma001252 Doc44 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0012521
                10.3205/zma001252
                6737256
                e2d38ff8-073a-40a9-b467-de33832afa5a
                Copyright © 2019 Vogel et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 November 2018
                : 01 July 2019
                : 11 June 2019
                Categories
                Article

                longitudinal development,medical school admission,perfectionism,personality traits,undergraduate medical education

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