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      Resilience In Dogs? Lessons From Other Species

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Veterinary Medicine : Research and Reports
      Publisher: Dove
      Keywords: resilience, dog, stress

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          Abstract

          What are the key factors of psychological resilience in dogs? Why do some individuals recover swiftly from neglect, abuse or several years of harsh kennel environments, while some seem to be permanently traumatized by much milder adverse experiences? Resilience is a concept seldom discussed in canine studies; however, many studies have identified risk factors (both environmental and genetic) for developing anxieties, aggression or other behavioral problems. These studies also indicate several factors that may act as protective agents against life adversities. In this paper, I will present some of the most commonly identified key factors of resilience in other species and discuss what has been found in dogs. This paper is an attempt to raise focus on the positive key factors in a dog’s life that are important for dog welfare, a healthy psychological outcome and are also important building blocks of a happy and well-behaving pet.

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          Most cited references67

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          Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway.

          Christiane D Wrann, James P White, John Salogiannnis … (2013)
          Exercise can improve cognitive function and has been linked to the increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving the elevation of this neurotrophin remain unknown. Here we show that FNDC5, a previously identified muscle protein that is induced in exercise and is cleaved and secreted as irisin, is also elevated by endurance exercise in the hippocampus of mice. Neuronal Fndc5 gene expression is regulated by PGC-1α, and Pgc1a(-/-) mice show reduced Fndc5 expression in the brain. Forced expression of FNDC5 in primary cortical neurons increases Bdnf expression, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of FNDC5 reduces Bdnf. Importantly, peripheral delivery of FNDC5 to the liver via adenoviral vectors, resulting in elevated blood irisin, induces expression of Bdnf and other neuroprotective genes in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings link endurance exercise and the important metabolic mediators, PGC-1α and FNDC5, with BDNF expression in the brain. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition.

            Kirsten Hötting, Brigitte Röder (2013)
            The human brain adapts to changing demands by altering its functional and structural properties ("neuroplasticity") which results in learning and acquiring skills. Convergent evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that physical activity facilitates neuroplasticity of certain brain structures and as a result cognitive functions. Animal studies have identified an enhancement of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis and the release of neurotrophins as neural mechanisms mediating beneficial cognitive effects of physical exercise. This review summarizes behavioral consequences and neural correlates at the system level following physical exercise interventions in humans of different ages. The results suggest that physical exercise may trigger processes facilitating neuroplasticity and, thereby, enhances an individual's capacity to respond to new demands with behavioral adaptations. Indeed, some recent studies have suggested that combining physical and cognitive training might result in a mutual enhancement of both interventions. Moreover, new data suggest that to maintain the neuro-cognitive benefits induced by physical exercise, an increase in the cardiovascular fitness level must be maintained. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449,484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways

              Ana Muñoz-Manchado, Anke Hammerschlag, Jeanne Savage … (2018)
              Neuroticism is an important risk factor for psychiatric traits, including depression1, anxiety2,3, and schizophrenia4-6. At the time of analysis, previous genome-wide association studies7-12 (GWAS) reported 16 genomic loci associated to neuroticism10-12. Here we conducted a large GWAS meta-analysis (n = 449,484) of neuroticism and identified 136 independent genome-wide significant loci (124 new at the time of analysis), which implicate 599 genes. Functional follow-up analyses showed enrichment in several brain regions and involvement of specific cell types, including dopaminergic neuroblasts (P = 3.49 × 10-8), medium spiny neurons (P = 4.23 × 10-8), and serotonergic neurons (P = 1.37 × 10-7). Gene set analyses implicated three specific pathways: neurogenesis (P = 4.43 × 10-9), behavioral response to cocaine processes (P = 1.84 × 10-7), and axon part (P = 5.26 × 10-8). We show that neuroticism's genetic signal partly originates in two genetically distinguishable subclusters13 ('depressed affect' and 'worry'), suggesting distinct causal mechanisms for subtypes of individuals. Mendelian randomization analysis showed unidirectional and bidirectional effects between neuroticism and multiple psychiatric traits. These results enhance neurobiological understanding of neuroticism and provide specific leads for functional follow-up experiments.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Med (Auckl)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Med (Auckl)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VMRR
                Title: Veterinary Medicine : Research and Reports
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 2230-2034
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 10
                Pages: 159-168
                Affiliations
                [1 ]SmartDOG , Riihimäki 11130, Finland
                [2 ]Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Katriina Tiira Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki , PO Box 57, HelsinkiFI-00014, Finland Email Katriina.tiira@helsinki.fi
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2253-8755
                Article
                Publisher ID: 189566
                DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S189566
                PMC ID: 6863117
                SO-VID: e17eebfa-a3b4-41a7-9c09-f3784c83c735
                Copyright © © 2019 Tiira.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 30 June 2019
                Date accepted : 15 October 2019
                Page count
                References: 98, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: resilience,dog,stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: resilience, dog, stress

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