Modelos de assistência ao indivíduo com obesidade na atenção básica em saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Abstract

Resumo: O Brasil vem instituindo políticas de prevenção e controle da obesidade por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde, e o estudo analisou as características dos “modelos assistenciais” propostos e referidos por profissionais da atenção básica no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os métodos incluíram entrevistas e grupos focais com profissionais e gestores da atenção básica e das Áreas Técnicas de Alimentação e Nutrição (ATAN) dos 92 municípios do Rio de Janeiro, e análise documental de normativas federais e estaduais. A análise foi norteada pelas dimensões organizativa e técnico assistencial, e considerou os princípios da atenção integral em saúde. Os principais desafios referidos pelos profissionais estão relacionados com: a adesão aos processos terapêuticos e consequente sentimento de frustração e impotência; a atuação em equipe multiprofissional; e a constatação de despreparo para lidar com a complexidade do processo saúde/doença relacionado com a obesidade. Alguns princípios e diretrizes pautados nos documentos de políticas governamentais são estratégicos para enfrentar esses desafios, especialmente: a corresponsabilização entre profissional e usuário, pois pode contribuir para evitar os extremos da culpabilização e/ou vitimização; a valorização de outros ganhos para além da perda de peso, que pode ressignificar a concepção de adesão ao tratamento; a atuação multiprofissional para que se desenvolva uma compreensão contextualizada do processo saúde/doença e seus múltiplos condicionantes, e para que os profissionais consigam lidar com os seus próprios sentimentos e estigmas em relação à pessoa com obesidade.

Translated abstract

Abstract: Brazil has developed policies for the prevention and control of obesity through the Brazilian Unified National Health System. This study analyzed the characteristics of proposed “models of care” reported by health professionals in primary care in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The methods included interviews and focus groups with professionals and managers in primary care and the thematic areas of food and nutrition in the 92 municipalities (counties) of Rio de Janeiro state and document analysis of federal and state legislation and guidelines. The analysis was oriented by the organizational and technical dimensions of care and the principles of comprehensive healthcare. The main challenges reported by health professionals pertained to adherence to the therapeutic process and feelings of frustration and powerlessness; multidisciplinary teamwork; and unpreparedness for dealing with the complexity of the health-disease process related to obesity. Some principles and guidelines based on the government policy documents are strategic for addressing these challenges, especially: shared responsibility between health professionals and users, which can help avoid the extremes of blaming and/or victimization; appreciation of other gains besides weight loss, which can redefine treatment adherence; and multidisciplinary teamwork to develop a contextualized understanding of the health-disease process and its multiple conditioning factors and for the health professionals to be able to cope with their own feelings and stigmas towards the person with obesity.

Translated abstract

Resumen: Brasil ha estado instaurando políticas de prevención y control de la obesidad mediante el Sistema Único de Salud. Este estudio analizó las características de los “modelos asistenciales” propuestos y referidos por profesionales de la atención básica en el Estado de Río de Janeiro. Los métodos incluyeron entrevistas y grupos focales con profesionales y gestores de la atención básica y de las Áreas Técnicas de Alimentación y Nutrición (ATAN) de 92 municipios del Río de Janeiro, así como el análisis documental de normativas federales y estatales. El análisis consideró la dimensión organizativa y técnica asistencial, así como los principios de la Atención Integral en Salud. Los principales desafíos señalados por los profesionales se relacionan con: adhesión a los procesos terapéuticos y consecuente sentimiento de frustración e impotencia; actuación en un equipo multiprofesional; constatación de la poca preparación para enfrentarse a la complejidad del proceso salud-enfermedad relacionado con la obesidad. Algunos principios y directrices pautados en los documentos de políticas gubernamentales son estratégicos para enfrentar estos desafíos, especialmente: la corresponsabilización entre el profesional y usuario, puesto que puede contribuir a evitar los extremos de culpabilización y/o victimización; la valoración de otros beneficios -además de la pérdida de peso-, que pueda volver a dar un significado a la concepción de adhesión al tratamiento; la actuación multiprofesional para que se desarrolle una comprensión contextualizada del proceso salud-enfermedad y sus múltiples condicionantes, con el fin de que los profesionales consigan enfrentarse a sus propios sentimientos y estigmas referentes a las personas con obesidad.

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Most cited references 21

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Strengthening of accountability systems to create healthy food environments and reduce global obesity.

Boyd Swinburn, Vivica I Kraak, Harry Rutter … (2015)

To achieve WHO's target to halt the rise in obesity and diabetes, dramatic actions are needed to improve the healthiness of food environments. Substantial debate surrounds who is responsible for delivering effective actions and what, specifically, these actions should entail. Arguments are often reduced to a debate between individual and collective responsibilities, and between hard regulatory or fiscal interventions and soft voluntary, education-based approaches. Genuine progress lies beyond the impasse of these entrenched dichotomies. We argue for a strengthening of accountability systems across all actors to substantially improve performance on obesity reduction. In view of the industry opposition and government reluctance to regulate for healthier food environments, quasiregulatory approaches might achieve progress. A four step accountability framework (take the account, share the account, hold to account, and respond to the account) is proposed. The framework identifies multiple levers for change, including quasiregulatory and other approaches that involve government-specified and government-monitored progress of private sector performance, government procurement mechanisms, improved transparency, monitoring of actions, and management of conflicts of interest. Strengthened accountability systems would support government leadership and stewardship, constrain the influence of private sector actors with major conflicts of interest on public policy development, and reinforce the engagement of civil society in creating demand for healthy food environments and in monitoring progress towards obesity action objectives.