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      Design and simulation of a uniform irradiance photochemical platform

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          Abstract

          Radiometry, simulations, and photo-polymerization case studies validate a photo-reactor platform with uniform illumination and multiple wavelengths for well plates, in-plane flow reactors, and droplets.

          Abstract

          The growth of photochemistry and high throughput experimentation in well plates and flow drives interest in photochemical platforms that provide spatially uniform irradiation of reactions. Here, we present a design of a versatile, uniform light platform for photochemistry to enable increased performance and reproducibility for high throughput experimentation in shallow well plates, in-plane flow reactors, and droplets. The design of the platform is driven by the development of an open-source ray tracing light simulation package. Radiometry provides experimental validation of the system's irradiance and irradiance uniformity. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated by application to the photoinduced electron transfer–reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of methyl acrylate.

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          Additive manufacturing. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects.

          John R Tumbleston, David Shirvanyants, Nikita Ermoshkin … (2015)
          Additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing use time-consuming, stepwise layer-by-layer approaches to object fabrication. We demonstrate the continuous generation of monolithic polymeric parts up to tens of centimeters in size with feature resolution below 100 micrometers. Continuous liquid interface production is achieved with an oxygen-permeable window below the ultraviolet image projection plane, which creates a "dead zone" (persistent liquid interface) where photopolymerization is inhibited between the window and the polymerizing part. We delineate critical control parameters and show that complex solid parts can be drawn out of the resin at rates of hundreds of millimeters per hour. These print speeds allow parts to be produced in minutes instead of hours.
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            Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment.

            Dario Cambié, Cecilia Bottecchia, Natan J W Straathof … (2016)
            Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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              A robust and versatile photoinduced living polymerization of conjugated and unconjugated monomers and its oxygen tolerance.

              Jiangtao Xu, Kenward Jung, Amir Atme … (2014)
              Controlled/living radical polymerization techniques have transformed polymer chemistry in the last few decades, affording the production of polymers with precise control over both molecular weights and architectures. It is now possible to synthesize almost an infinite variety of macromolecules using nonspecialized equipment, finding applications in high-tech industry. However, they have several shortcomings. Until recently, living radical polymerizations could not be controlled by an external stimulus, such as visible light, pH, mechanical, chemical, etc. Moreover, they are usually sensitive to trace amounts of oxygen in the system. In this Article, we report a photoinduced living polymerization technique, which is able to polymerize a large range of monomers, including conjugated and unconjugated monomers, using ultralow concentrations of an iridium-based photoredox catalyst (typically 1 ppm to monomers) and a low energy visible LED as the light source (1-4.8 W, λ(max) = 435 nm). The synthesis of homopolymers with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 2,000,000 g/mol was successfully achieved with narrow molecular weight distributions (M(w)/M(n) < 1.3). In addition, chain extensions of poly(methacrylate)s, poly(styrene), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidinone), poly(vinyl ester)s, and poly(acrylate)s were performed to prepare diblock copolymers. The reusability of the catalyst was demonstrated by the synthesis of a decablock polymer by multiple chain extensions. Most importantly, this process was employed to prepare well-defined polymers and multiblock copolymers in the presence of air.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Dylan J. Walsh: (View ORCID Profile)
                Timo N. Schneider: (View ORCID Profile)
                Bradley D. Olsen: (View ORCID Profile)
                Klavs F. Jensen: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RCEEBW
                Title: Reaction Chemistry & Engineering
                Abbreviated Title: React. Chem. Eng.
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Electronic): 2058-9883
                Publication date Created: January 31 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 2023
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 416-423
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/D2RE00329E
                SO-VID: de58b9d4-28b6-4e2f-8a36-38b3d165c546
                Copyright © © 2023
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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