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      Mecanismos de defesa do trigo contra a ferrugem da folha por genes e proteínas Translated title: Wheat defense mechanisms by genes and proteins against leaf rust

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          Abstract

          RESUMO O agente causal da ferrugem da folha do trigo é o fungo Puccinia triticina. Essa doença causa danos elevados que podem comprometer a produtividade da cultura do trigo em até 80%, quando a infecção é intensa antes do florescimento e do enchimento de grãos. A utilização de cultivares resistentes é a melhor estratégia de controle da ferrugem da folha. Porém, devido à variabilidade do patógeno, a resistência dos genótipos é superada em até três anos após o seu lançamento. Para se defender da infecção do patógeno a planta desencadeia mecanismos de defesa, os quais têm a finalidade de evitar que o fungo colonize os tecidos do hospedeiro. Esses mecanismos de defesa podem estar associados com a expressão de genes que possuem a função de codificar proteínas envolvidas na resistência. Esta revisão discute a importância da interação planta-patógeno bem como das proteínas envolvidas. Também apresenta as principais técnicas de proteômica que visam identificar e quantificar as diferentes proteínas expressas nas células vegetais.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The fungus Puccinia triticina is the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. This disease causes great damages, which may compromise wheat crop yields by up to 80% when the infection is intense before flowering and grain filling. The use of resistant cultivars is the best strategy to control leaf rust. However, due to the pathogen variability, genotype resistance is easily overcome within three years under field conditions. To defend against the pathogen infection, the plant triggers defense mechanisms, which aim to prevent the fungus from colonizing the host tissues. Such defense mechanisms may be associated with the expression of genes that have a role in encoding proteins involved in resistance. In this review, the importance of both the plant-pathogen interaction and the role of involved proteins is discussed. The main proteomic techniques to identify and quantify the different proteins expressed in plant cells are also presented.

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          The barley Mlo gene: a novel control element of plant pathogen resistance.

          Mutation-induced recessive alleles (mlo) of the barley Mlo locus confer a leaf lesion phenotype and broad spectrum resistance to the fungal pathogen, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. The gene has been isolated using a positional cloning approach. Analysis of 11 mutagen-induced mlo alleles revealed mutations leading in each case to alterations of the deduced Mlo wild-type amino acid sequence. Susceptible intragenic recombinants, isolated from mlo heteroallelic crosses, show restored Mlo wild-type sequences. The deduced 60 kDa protein is predicted to be membrane-anchored by at least six membrane-spanning helices. The findings are compatible with a dual negative control function of the Mlo protein in leaf cell death and in the onset of pathogen defense; absence of Mlo primes the responsiveness for the onset of multiple defense functions.
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            A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome.

            An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. Comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. However, across the genomes there was evidence of dynamic gene gain, loss, and duplication since the divergence of the wheat lineages. A high degree of transcriptional autonomy and no global dominance was found for the subgenomes. These insights into the genome biology of a polyploid crop provide a springboard for faster gene isolation, rapid genetic marker development, and precise breeding to meet the needs of increasing food demand worldwide. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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              A kinase-START gene confers temperature-dependent resistance to wheat stripe rust.

              Stripe rust is a devastating fungal disease that afflicts wheat in many regions of the world. New races of Puccinia striiformis, the pathogen responsible for this disease, have overcome most of the known race-specific resistance genes. We report the map-based cloning of the gene Yr36 (WKS1), which confers resistance to a broad spectrum of stripe rust races at relatively high temperatures (25 degrees to 35 degrees C). This gene includes a kinase and a putative START lipid-binding domain. Five independent mutations and transgenic complementation confirmed that both domains are necessary to confer resistance. Yr36 is present in wild wheat but is absent in modern pasta and bread wheat varieties, and therefore it can now be used to improve resistance to stripe rust in a broad set of varieties.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                sp
                Summa Phytopathologica
                Summa phytopathol.
                Grupo Paulista de Fitopatologia (Botucatu, SP, Brazil )
                0100-5405
                1980-5454
                December 2017
                : 43
                : 4
                : 354-358
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Departamento de Fitossanidade Brazil
                [02] Rio Grande do Sul orgnameEmbrapa Clima Temperado Brazil
                Article
                S0100-54052017000400354
                10.1590/0100-5405/167114
                ddb24e74-e51d-4a3d-8cda-77e904cc2e05

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 July 2016
                : 06 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Puccinia triticina,proteomics,resistance,infection,Triticum aestivum,proteômica,resistência,infecção

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