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      Communities structure and plant diversity in endangered canga (ironstone) vegetation: a reference ecosystem in the Brazilian semiarid region Translated title: Estrutura de comunidades e diversidade de plantas em vegetação de canga ameaçada: um ecossistema de referência no semiárido brasileiro

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          Abstract

          Abstract Compared with other hyperdiverse rocky ecosystems of eastern Brazil, canga vegetation, also known as campo rupestre ferruginoso, represents one of the least studied ecosystems but support a high proportion of rare and endemic plants. Large-scale iron mining is the primary cause of the loss and degradation of cangas. Therefore, there is a need to acquire knowledge about campo rupestre ferruginoso, both to support conservation planning and to provide information that can be used in ecological restoration models. In this study, we investigated the structure, diversity, and floristic composition of campo rupestre ferruginoso communities in four canga outcrops in a semiarid region and compared the values with those from existing studies on campo rupestre in eastern Brazil. A total of 5,724 individuals were sampled, and these individuals were distributed among 74 taxa, 54 genera, and 29 botanical families. We found that the plant communities in the cangas of the Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo are characterized by a unique set of functional groups, including a high proportion of succulents and poikilohydric plants, constituting an assemblage of specialized species. Considering the high degree of threat due to large-scale mining projects, our study revealed that the four cangas are in an excellent state of conservation, and we propose that they be considered reference ecosystems for future restoration projects.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Comparado com outros ecossistemas rupestres hiperdiversos do leste do Brasil, a vegetação de canga, também conhecida como campo rupestre ferruginoso, representa um dos ecossistemas menos estudados, mas que sustenta uma alta proporção de raridade e endemismo de plantas. Os principais impactos negativos irreversíveis nas cangas são a perda e a degradação de habitat devido a mineração de ferro em larga escala. Então, o desafio é produzir conhecimento sobre os campos rupestres ferruginosos, tanto para contribuir com o planejamento da conservação, quanto para subsidiar informações para os modelos de restauração ecológica. Neste estudo, nós investigamos a estrutura, a diversidade e a composição florística de comunidades de campos rupestres ferruginosos em quatro afloramentos de canga da região do semiárido, e comparamos com outros estudos em campos rupestres do leste do Brasil. Foram amostrados um total de 5.724 indivíduos, distribuídos entre 74 taxons, 54 gêneros e 29 famílias botânicas. Verificamos que as comunidades de plantas rupestres nas cangas do Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo caracterizam-se por um conjunto peculiar de grupos funcionais, principalmente quanto a elevada proporção de suculentas e poiquiloídricas, constituindo uma assembleia única de espécies. Considerando o elevado grau de ameaça devido aos projetos de mineração em larga escala, nosso estudo verificou que as cangas estão em excelente estado de conservação. Portanto, propomos que sejam consideradas como ecossistemas de referência para modelos de planejamento de eventuais projetos de restauração.

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          Evidence for the Existence of Three Primary Strategies in Plants and Its Relevance to Ecological and Evolutionary Theory

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            Plant communities on ironstone outcrops: a diverse and endangered Brazilian ecosystem

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              Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science

              Mining poses serious and highly specific threats to biodiversity. However, mining can also be a means for financing alternative livelihood paths that, over the long-term, may prevent biodiversity loss. Complex and controversial issues associated with mining and biodiversity conservation are often simplified within a narrow frame oriented towards the negative impacts of mining at the site of extraction, rather than posed as a series of challenges for the conservation science community to embrace. Here, we synthesize core issues that, if better understood, may ensure coexistence between mining and conservation agendas. We illustrate how mining impacts biodiversity through diverse pathways and across spatial scales. We argue that traditional, site-based conservation approaches will have limited effect in preventing biodiversity loss against an increasing mining footprint, but opportunities to improve outcomes (e.g. through long-term strategic assessment and planning) do exist. While future mineral supply is uncertain, projections suggest demand will grow for many metals and shift mining operations towards more dispersed and biodiverse areas. Initiating dialogue between mining companies, policy-makers and conservation organizations is urgent, given the suite of international agendas simultaneously requiring more minerals but less biodiversity loss.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas, , Brazil )
                1676-0611
                2024
                : 24
                : 4
                : e20241670
                Affiliations
                [1] Belo Horizonte MG orgnameInstituto Prístino Brasil
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5423-7957
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4064-0182
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-0845
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2624-0128
                Article
                S1676-06032024000400202 S1676-0603(24)02400400202
                10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2024-1670
                dc6dec91-b7e4-44c8-a285-fbde54b115d2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 June 2024
                : 11 November 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Phytosociology,Rarity,Restoration Planning,Campo rupestre,Grupos funcionais,Fitossociologia,Planejamento para restauração,Raridade,Functional groups

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