Algunos factores de riesgo de la cardiopatía hipertensiva <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Some risk factors of hypertensive heart disease </span>

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Abstract

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial, atendidos en la consulta especializada, para identificar si existe asociación entre distintos factores hipotéticamente influyentes sobre el desarrollo de la cardiopatía hipertensiva. Los pacientes fueron tomados aleatoriamente 1:2 (300 casos: 600 controles). Se observó que la edad mayor o igual a 63 años triplicó el riesgo de padecer la enfermedad (OR 3,02; IC 95 % 2,27-4,03) y el tabaquismo lo duplicó (OR 2,06; IC 95 % 1,55-2,73). Dentro de los biomarcadores de riesgo cardiovascular sobresalen la proteína C reactiva que eleva a más de 13 el riesgo (OR 13; IC 95 % 9,70-19,3) seguido de la creatinina (OR 5,03; IC 95 % 3,37-7,51) y glucemia (OR 4,96; IC 95 % 93,61-6,81). El tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (OR 4,26; IC 95 % 3,18-5,72) el grado de hipertensión (OR 2,21; IC 95 % 1,65-2,96) y la falta de control de la hipertensión arterial (OR 2,16; IC 95 % 1,63-2,87), se comportaron como factores de riesgo. Se concluyó con un análisis de regresión logística que mostró que la proteína C reactiva, el ácido úrico, la glucemia y la microalbuminaria son los factores de riesgo independientes más importantes para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Translated abstract

A case-control study of patients diagnosed with arterial hypertension seen in specialized consultation was conducted to identify if there is a association among different supposedly influential factors on the development of the hypertensive heart disease. Patients were selected in a random way 1:2 (300 cases: 600 controls). Patients aged over or equal to 63 tripled the risk to suffer the disease (OR 3.02; CI 95 % 2.27-4.03) and smoking double it (OR 2.06; CI 95 % 1.55-2.73). Within the cardiovascular risk biomarkers are the reactive C protein raising the risk to more than 13 (OR 13; CI 95 % 9.70-19.3) followed by creatinine (OR 5.03; CI 95 % 3.37-7.51) and glycemia (OR 4.96; CI 95 % 93.61-6.81). Disease course time (OR 4.26; CI 95 % 3.18-5.72), hypertension degree (OR 2.21; CI 95 % 1.65-2.96), and lack arterial hypertension control (OR 2.16; CI 95 % 1.63-2.87) were the risk factors. We conclude with a logistic regression analysis showing that reactive C protein, uric acid, glycemia and microalbuminuria are the more significant independent risk factors for the disease development.

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Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level.

Yui-Pong Siu, Kay-Tai Leung, Matthew Tong … (2006)

Hyperuricemia is associated strongly with the development of hypertension, renal disease, and progression. Allopurinol decreases serum uric acid levels by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase. We hypothesized that administrating allopurinol to decrease serum uric acid levels to the normal range in hyperuricemic patients with chronic kidney disease may be of benefit in decreasing blood pressure and slowing the rate of renal disease progression in these patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of 54 hyperuricemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with allopurinol, 100 to 300 mg/d, or to continue the usual therapy for 12 months. Clinical, hematologic, and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. We define our study end points as: (1) stable kidney function with less than 40% increase in serum creatinine level, (2) impaired renal function with creatinine level increase greater than 40% of baseline value, (3) initiation of dialysis therapy, and (4) death. One patient in the treatment group dropped out because of skin allergy to allopurinol. Serum uric acid levels were significantly decreased in subjects treated with allopurinol, from 9.75 +/- 1.18 mg/dL (0.58 +/- 0.07 mmol/L) to 5.88 +/- 1.01 mg/dL (0.35 +/- 0.06 mmol/L; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in systolic or diastolic blood pressure at the end of the study comparing the 2 groups. There was a trend toward a lower serum creatinine level in the treatment group compared with controls after 12 months of therapy, although it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.08). Overall, 4 of 25 patients (16%) in the allopurinol group reached the combined end points of significant deterioration in renal function and dialysis dependence compared with 12 of 26 patients (46.1%) in the control group (P = 0.015). Allopurinol therapy significantly decreases serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. Its use is safe and helps preserve kidney function during 12 months of therapy compared with controls. Results of this study need to be confirmed with an additional prospective trial involving a larger cohort of patients to determine the long-term efficacy of allopurinol therapy and in specific chronic kidney disease subpopulations.

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Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease.

Jeppe Zacho, Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen, Jan Skov Jensen … (2008)

Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with increased risks of ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. We tested whether this is a causal association. We studied 10,276 persons from a general population cohort, including 1786 in whom ischemic heart disease developed and 741 in whom ischemic cerebrovascular disease developed. We examined another 31,992 persons from a cross-sectional general population study, of whom 2521 had ischemic heart disease and 1483 had ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Finally, we compared 2238 patients with ischemic heart disease with 4474 control subjects and 612 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease with 1224 control subjects. We measured levels of high-sensitivity CRP and conducted genotyping for four CRP polymorphisms and two apolipoprotein E polymorphisms. The risk of ischemic heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease was increased by a factor of 1.6 and 1.3, respectively, in persons who had CRP levels above 3 mg per liter, as compared with persons who had CRP levels below 1 mg per liter. Genotype combinations of the four CRP polymorphisms were associated with an increase in CRP levels of up to 64%, resulting in a theoretically predicted increased risk of up to 32% for ischemic heart disease and up to 25% for ischemic cerebrovascular disease. However, these genotype combinations were not associated with an increased risk of ischemic vascular disease. In contrast, apolipoprotein E genotypes were associated with both elevated cholesterol levels and an increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Polymorphisms in the CRP gene are associated with marked increases in CRP levels and thus with a theoretically predicted increase in the risk of ischemic vascular disease. However, these polymorphisms are not in themselves associated with an increased risk of ischemic vascular disease. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society

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C-reactive protein and the prediction of cardiovascular events among those at intermediate risk: moving an inflammatory hypothesis toward consensus.

Paul Ridker (2007)

Over 20 large-scale prospective studies show that the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events that additionally predicts risk of incident hypertension and diabetes. In many studies, the relative impact of hsCRP is at least as large as that individually of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, or smoking, and knowledge of hsCRP correctly reclassifies a substantial proportion of "intermediate-risk" individuals into clinically relevant higher- or lower-risk categories. Other studies show the relative benefit of statins to be greater among those with increased hsCRP and that achieved hsCRP levels after statin therapy predict recurrent event rates as much as achieved levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nonetheless, it remains controversial whether the time has come to modify traditional algorithms used for global risk detection. As described here, 6 areas of controversy regarding hsCRP are resolvable with a consensus position that focuses in primary prevention on selective use among individuals with 5% to 20% 10-year risk as estimated by Adult Treatment Panel III, and focuses in secondary prevention on high-risk patients being treated with statin therapy. Forthcoming trial data could expand or contract this "screen selectively" policy, and investigators should be open to the possibility that second-generation inflammatory biomarkers may be developed that supplant hsCRP altogether. In the meantime, however, this consensus position on hsCRP should be one to which both advocates and critics of the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis can adhere because it is one that can immediately improve patient care.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): med

Title: Revista Cubana de Medicina

Abbreviated Title: Rev. Cuban de Med

Publisher: Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas; Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )

ISSN (Print): 0034-7523

ISSN (Electronic): 1561-302X

Publication date (Print and electronic): December 2009

Volume: 48

Issue: 4

Pages: 139-151

Affiliations

[01] Bayamo. Granma orgnameHospital Provincial Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. Cuba alexis.grm@ 123456infomed.sld.cu

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Publisher ID: S0034-75232009000400002 Publisher ID: S0034-7523(09)04800402

SO-VID: db9459c5-9c59-4c9d-92b0-bf045efdd2c3

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 10 July 2009

Date accepted : 25 July 2009

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 13

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Algunos factores de riesgo de la cardiopatía hipertensiva Translated title: Some risk factors of hypertensive heart disease

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Most cited references 40

Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level.

Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease.

C-reactive protein and the prediction of cardiovascular events among those at intermediate risk: moving an inflammatory hypothesis toward consensus.

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