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      Searching for blood in Chinese lacquerware: zhū xiě huī 豬 血 灰

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          Abstract

          The study gives an overview of the tests and analyses undertaken in the past 20 years to establish the presence of blood in the foundation layers of Chinese lacquer artefacts and also shows the development of analytical methods over that period. When undertaking the conservation of lacquer objects it is crucial to know the type of binding medium as this influences the selection of any consolidants that may be required in the treatment. Microchemical tests to identify blood using benzidine and luminol, various chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques and DNA analyses were assessed on selected Chinese lacquer objects, and the results gained are summarized.

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          DNA Commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics: revised and extended guidelines for mitochondrial DNA typing.

          W Parson, L Gusmão, D R Hares … (2014)
          The DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) regularly publishes guidelines and recommendations concerning the application of DNA polymorphisms to the question of human identification. Previous recommendations published in 2000 addressed the analysis and interpretation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in forensic casework. While the foundations set forth in the earlier recommendations still apply, new approaches to the quality control, alignment and nomenclature of mitochondrial sequences, as well as the establishment of mtDNA reference population databases, have been developed. Here, we describe these developments and discuss their application to both mtDNA casework and mtDNA reference population databasing applications. While the generation of mtDNA for forensic casework has always been guided by specific standards, it is now well-established that data of the same quality are required for the mtDNA reference population data used to assess the statistical weight of the evidence. As a result, we introduce guidelines regarding sequence generation, as well as quality control measures based on the known worldwide mtDNA phylogeny, that can be applied to ensure the highest quality population data possible. For both casework and reference population databasing applications, the alignment and nomenclature of haplotypes is revised here and the phylogenetic alignment proffered as acceptable standard. In addition, the interpretation of heteroplasmy in the forensic context is updated, and the utility of alignment-free database searches for unbiased probability estimates is highlighted. Finally, we discuss statistical issues and define minimal standards for mtDNA database searches.
          Article 0 comments Cited 62 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            DNA commission of the international society for forensic genetics: guidelines for mitochondrial DNA typing.

            Á. Carracedo, W Bär, P Lincoln … (2000)
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              Species identification by means of the cytochrome b gene.

              M Föger, W Parson, H Niederstätter … (1999)
              Species identification was carried out by nucleotide sequence analysis of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. The aim of the study was to identify biological specimens from diverse vertebrate animals by extracting and amplifying DNA from 44 different animal species covering the 5 major vertebrate groups (i.e. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes). The sequences derived were used to identify the biological origin of the samples by aligning to cytb gene sequence entries in nucleotide databases using the program BLAST. All sequences were submitted to the GenBank including new species which were not observed in the databases. The applicability of this method to the forensic field is demonstrated by simulated casework conditions where different types of samples including problematic specimens such as hair, bone samples, bristles and feathers were investigated to identify the species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stud Conserv
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stud Conserv
                Journal ID (archive): YSIC
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ysic20
                Title: Studies in Conservation = Etudes De Conservation
                Publisher: Routledge
                ISSN (Print): 0039-3630
                ISSN (Electronic): 2047-0584
                Publication date (Print): 1 August 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 December 2016
                Volume: 61
                Issue: sup3 , Lacquer
                Pages: 45-51
                Affiliations
                [ a ]Studio for Conservation and Restoration of Metal Objects and East Asian Lacquer , Vienna, Austria
                [ b ]Conservation Science Department, Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna, Austria
                [ c ]Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , Austria
                [ d ]Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University , USA
                [ e ]Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague, Czech Republic
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Silvia Miklin-Kniefacz, Bernardgasse 4/1, Vienna, A-1070, Austria. Email: silvia.miklin@ 123456gmx.at
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8395-1917
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1227039
                DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2016.1227039
                PMC ID: 5479337
                SO-VID: da3de47e-c1a7-4ebe-81dd-643fb659da0a
                Copyright © © The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2016
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 24 April 2015
                Date accepted : 18 August 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 7
                Funding
                Funded by: Specific University Research
                Award ID: MSMT No. 20/2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Subject: Supplementary Issue Papers

                Keywords: chinese lacquerware,blood,ground layer,benzidine and luminol test,thm-py-gc–ms,nano-lc–ms/ms,dna analyses
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chinese lacquerware, blood, ground layer, benzidine and luminol test, thm-py-gc–ms, nano-lc–ms/ms, dna analyses

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