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      Riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular en pacientes con aterosclerosis carotídea asintomática: ¿se debe tratar médicamente o quirúrgicamente? Translated title: Stroke risk in patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: should it be treated medically or surgically?

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Los desórdenes cerebrovasculares siguen siendo la primera causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neurológica en el mundo, representando una de las entidades patológicas que genera mayor carga de enfermedad a nivel global. La aterosclerosis, o estenosis carotídea, es un potencial factor de riesgo para el ictus isquémico. La identificación y seguimiento estricto de esta condición son esenciales en la prevención secundaria de complicaciones a través de la atención primaria y el manejo especializado del riesgo cardiometabólico. No obstante, dependiendo de este riesgo y/o la presencia de sintomatología, es necesario realizar un manejo definitivo. Actualmente, existe controversia sobre si es mejor tratar la estenosis carotídea asintomática, ya sea médica o quirúrgicamente. Teniendo en cuenta la relevancia de esta entidad, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en analizar la evidencia reciente sobre el riesgo de ictus isquémico en la aterosclerosis carotídea asintomática en adultos, y el potencial beneficio del manejo quirúrgico vs. farmacológico de esta condición. Para esto, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science y MEDLINE, hasta el año 2023. Se evidenció que el riesgo de ictus asociado a estenosis carotídea asintomática es significativo (>10 %, aproximadamente), incluso en aquellos con terapia antiplaquetaria e hipolipemiante activa. En aquellos con manejo médico, la supervivencia a cinco años es alrededor del 80 %. Sin embargo, la progresión de la estenosis sucede en promedio en más del 60 % de los casos, y es significativa. Por el contrario, el stent carotídeo y la endarterectomía son intervenciones resolutivas. Pero existe un riesgo mayor comparado con la terapia médica, el cual se atribuye al periodo periy posoperatorio, así como a 30 días de aparición o recurrencia del ictus, infarto agudo de miocardio o muerte por cualquier causa; aunque el uso de la endarterectomía ha demostrado beneficios superiores a largo plazo en cuanto a estos mismos desenlaces. Entonces, la evidencia es heterogénea en cuanto a la superioridad del tratamiento quirúrgico comparado con la terapia farmacológica en el manejo de la aterosclerosis o estenosis carotídea asintomática. Sin embargo, parece ser que el manejo quirúrgico, específicamente la endarterectomía, podría impactar significativamente sobre la aparición o recurrencia del ictus ipsilateral y muerte a largo plazo, pero con resultados controversiales periy postoperatorios.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Cerebrovascular disorders remain the leading cause of neurological morbidity and mortality in the world, representing one of the pathological entities responsible for the greatest burden of disease worldwide. Carotid atherosclerosis or stenosis is a potential risk factor for ischemic stroke. The identification and strict follow-up of this condition are essential in the secondary prevention of complications through primary care and the specialized treatment of cardiometabolic risk. However, depending on this risk and/or presence of symptoms, definitive treatment is necessary. Currently, there is controversy as to whether asymptomatic carotid stenosis is better to be treated medically or surgically. Considering the significance of such entity, this review aims to analyze recent evidence on the risk of ischemic stroke in the case of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis among adults, as well as the potential benefit of the surgical vs. pharmacological treatment for this condition. For this purpose, a literature search for publications up to 2023 was carried out in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and MEDLINE databases. It was shown that there is a significant risk of stroke associated with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (> 10 % approximately), even in patients with active antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapy. Out of all those who receive medical treatment, around 80 % had a five-year survival rate. However, stenosis progression occurs on average in more than 60 % of the cases and is significant. On the other hand, carotid stenting and endarterectomy are curative interventions. Nevertheless, these procedures involve a higher risk compared to the medical therapy during the periand postoperative period, as well as 30 days afterwards, due to the occurrence or recurrence of stroke, acute myocardial infarction or death from any cause. Despite this, the use of endarterectomy has shown superior long-term benefits concerning these same outcomes. Thus, evidence regarding the superiority of surgical treatment compared to pharmacological treatment for asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis or stenosis is heterogeneous. However, it seems that surgical treatment, specifically endarterectomy, could have a significant impact on the occurrence or recurrence of ipsilateral stroke and death in the long term but with controversial periand postoperative outcomes.

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          Most cited references69

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          Global, Regional and Country-Specific Burden of Ischaemic Stroke, Intracerebral Haemorrhage and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

          Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in globally and particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and this burden is increasing. The burden of stroke pathological subtypes varies in terms of incidence, disability and mortality. Previous Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies (GBD) reports did not provide separate global burden and trends estimates for haemorrhagic stroke by primary intracerebral haemorrhage (PICH) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Aim: To summarise the GBD 2017 findings for the burden and 27-year trends for ischaemic stroke (IS), intracerebral haemorrhage and SAH by age, sex and country income level in 21 world regions and associated risk factors. Methods: Data on stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) lost and the burden of IS, PICH and SAH were derived from all available datasets from the GBD 2017 studies. Data were analysed in terms of absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100,000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]), with estimates stratified by age, sex and economic development level by the World Bank classification. We also analysed changes in the patterns of incidence, mortality and DALYs estimates between 1990 and 2017. Results: In 2017, there were 11.9 million incident (95% UI 11.1–12.8), 104.2 million prevalent (98.6–110.2), 6.2 million fatal (6.0–6.3) cases of stroke and 132.1 million stroke-related DALYs (126.5–137.4). Although stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALY rates declined from 1990 to 2017, the absolute number of people who developed new stroke, died, survived or remained disabled from stroke has almost doubled. The bulk of stroke burden (80% all incident strokes, 77% all stroke survivors, 87% of all deaths from stroke and 89 of all stroke-related DALYs) in 2017 was in low- to middle-income countries. Globally in 2017, IS constituted 65%, PICH –26% and SAH –9% of all incident strokes. Discussion: The latest GBD estimates of stroke burden in 195 countries supersede previous GBD stroke burden findings and provide most accurate data for stroke care planning and resource allocation globally, regionally and for 195 countries. Stroke remains the second leading cause of deaths and disability worldwide. The increased stroke burden continues to exacerbate a huge pressure on people affected by stroke, their families and societies. It is imperative to develop and implement more effective primary prevention strategies to reduce stroke burden and its impact.
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            Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study

            Estimation of the epidemiological burden of carotid atherosclerosis can serve as a basis for prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to provide the first estimation on the prevalence, number of cases, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis in the general population globally and regionally.
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              Race, Racism, and Cardiovascular Health: Applying a Social Determinants of Health Framework to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease

              Health care in the United States has seen many great innovations and successes in the past decades. However, to this day, the color of a person’s skin determines—to a considerable degree—his/her prospects of wellness; risk of disease, and death; and the quality of care received. Disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD)—the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally—are one of the starkest reminders of social injustices, and racial inequities, which continue to plague our society. People of color—including Black, Hispanic, American Indian, Asian, and others—experience varying degrees of social disadvantage that puts these groups at increased risk of CVD and poor disease outcomes, including mortality. Racial/ethnic disparities in CVD, while documented extensively, have not been examined from a broad, upstream, social determinants of health lens. In this review, we apply a comprehensive social determinants of health framework to better understand how structural racism increases individual and cumulative social determinants of health burden for historically underserved racial and ethnic groups, and increases their risk of CVD. We analyze the link between race, racism, and CVD, including major pathways and structural barriers to cardiovascular health, using 5 distinct social determinants of health domains: economic stability ; neighborhood and physical environment ; education ; community and social context ; and healthcare system . We conclude with a set of research and policy recommendations to inform future work in the field, and move a step closer to health equity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                hm
                Horizonte Médico (Lima)
                Horiz. Med.
                Universidad de San Martín de Porres. Facultad de Medicina Humana (Lima, , Peru )
                1727-558X
                July 2023
                : 23
                : 3
                : e2245
                Affiliations
                [5] Chía orgnameUniversidad de la Sabana orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [1] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameUniversidad de Cartagena orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Colombia
                [3] Cúcuta Norte del Santander orgnameUniversidad de Pamplona orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [4] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameUniversidad del Sinú orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [6] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameCorporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [2] Cali orgnameFundación Universitaria San Martín orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Colombia
                [7] Barquisimeto Lara orgnameUniversidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado Venezuela
                Article
                S1727-558X2023000300012 S1727-558X(23)02300300012
                10.24265/horizmed.2023.v23n3.11
                d75fd68f-a268-4496-bb4a-4cb34c50ca53

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 March 2023
                : 28 May 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                Surgical Procedures, Operative,Carotid Artery Diseases,Risk,Stroke,Terapéutica,Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos,Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas,Riesgo,Accidente Cerebrovascular,Therapeutics

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