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      Protocolo de manejo nutricional en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda Translated title: Nutritional management protocol in patients with acute pancreatitis

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad de impacto en salud pública debido al aumento de los casos en los últimos años, sobre todo la alta incidencia en pancreatitis aguda grave. La pancreatitis aguda constituye una causa de morbilidad y mortalidad frecuente en centros hospitalarios, en donde la causa principal fue la de origen biliar. Un principio fundamental en el manejo nutricional de esta entidad es evitar el ayuno por más de 7 días sobre todo en la pancreatitis aguda grave, ya que esto favorece la desnutrición e incrementa la probabilidad del desarrollo de infecciones y complicaciones sistémicas. Todos los pacientes ingresados con diagnostico de pancreatitis aguda deben ser estratificados en su gravedad, y sometidos a una evaluación nutricional al ingreso hospitalario, a fin de diagnosticar en forma temprana la severidad de la enfermedad e iniciar de forma precoz el soporte nutricional. Existen consensos en privilegiar la nutrición enteral precoz por sobre la nutrición parenteral, salvo que exista contraindicaciones para la primera. Por lo general estos pacientes se encuentran normo nutridos al ingreso pero con riesgo de desnutrición por el híper catabolismo al que se encuentran sometidos, por lo que un soporte nutricional oportuno, constituye una parte fundamental en el tratamiento y evolución favorable de esta patología. Palabras clave: pancreatitis aguda, desnutrición, soporte nutricional, pancreatitis aguda grave

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Acute pancreatitis is a disease of public health impact due to the increase in cases in recent years, especially the high incidence in acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a cause of morbidity and mortality common in hospitals, where the most common cause of biliary origin was. A fundamental principle in the nutritional management of this entity is to avoid fasting for more than 7 days especially in severe acute pancreatitis, as this promotes malnutrition and increases the likelihood of developing infections and systemic complications. All patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis should be stratified in severity, and underwent a nutritional assessment at hospital admission, to early diagnose the severity of the disease at an early stage and to initiate nutritional support. There is consensus in favor early enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition unless there contraindications to the first. Usually these patients are malnourished on admission norm but at risk of malnutrition by the hyper catabolism to which they are subjected, so that appropriate nutritional support is a key part in the treatment and favorable development of this pathology. Keywords: acute pancreatitis, malnutrition, nutritional support, severe acute pancreatitis.

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          Most cited references34

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          Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis.

          In patients with major trauma and burns, total enteral nutrition (TEN) significantly decreases the acute phase response and incidence of septic complications when compared with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Poor outcome in acute pancreatitis is associated with a high incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis. To determine whether TEN can attenuate the acute phase response and improve clinical disease severity in patients with acute pancreatitis. Glasgow score, Apache II, computed tomography (CT) scan score, C reactive protein (CRP), serum IgM antiendotoxin antibodies (EndoCAb), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined on admission in 34 patients with acute pancreatitis. Patients were stratified according to disease severity and randomised to receive either TPN or TEN for seven days and then re-evaluated. SIRS, sepsis, organ failure, and ITU stay, were globally improved in the enterally fed patients. The acute phase response and disease severity scores were significantly improved following enteral nutrition (CRP: 156 (117-222) to 84 (50-141), p < 0.005; APACHE II scores 8 (6-10) to 6 (4-8), p < 0.0001) without change in the CT scan scores. In parenterally fed patients these parameters did not change but there was an increase in EndoCAb antibody levels and a fall in TAC. Enterally fed patients showed no change in the level of EndoCAb antibodies and an increase in TAC. TEN moderates the acute phase response, and improves disease severity and clinical outcome despite unchanged pancreatic injury on CT scan. Reduced systemic exposure to endotoxin and reduced oxidant stress also occurred in the TEN group. Enteral feeding modulates the inflammatory and sepsis response in acute pancreatitis and is clinically beneficial.
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            Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of acute pancreatitis.

            This study aimed to compare the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with computed tomography (CT) in assessing acute pancreatitis (AP) and to explore the correlation between MRI findings and clinical outcome. Patients with AP were investigated by contrast-enhanced CT and MRI on admission and 7 and 30 days thereafter. MRI was performed with intravenous secretin and contrast medium. Balthazar's grading system was used to measure CT and MRI severity indices (CTSI and MRSI, respectively). Thirty-nine patients (median age, 47 years; range, 15-86) were studied. AP was of biliary etiology in 19 patients (49%). On admission, AP was assessed clinically as severe in 7 patients (18%). A strong correlation was demonstrated between CTSI and MRSI on admission and 7 days later. MRSI on admission correlated with the following: the Ranson score, C-reactive protein levels 48 hours after admission, duration of hospitalization, and clinical outcome regarding morbidity, including local and systemic complications. Considering the Ranson score as the gold standard, MRI detected severe AP with 83% (58-96, 95% CI) sensitivity, 91% (68-98) specificity vs. 78% (52-93) and 86% (63-96) for CT. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography after i.v. secretin injection showed pancreatic duct leakage in 3 patients (8%). MRI is a reliable method of staging AP severity, has predictive value for the prognosis of the disease, and has fewer contraindications than CT. It can also detect pancreatic duct disruption, which may occur early in the course of AP.
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              Acute pancreatitis: a lethal disease of increasing incidence.

              Between 1968 and 1979 650 patients in the Bristol clinical area suffered 737 attacks of acute pancreatitis. Sex distribution was approximately equal and mean age was 60 years. Comparison with the previous decade shows an increase in mean annual incidence of first attacks from 53.8 to 73.0 cases per million population. Case mortality was unchanged at 20%. In no less than 35% of fatal cases the diagnosis was first made at necropsy. Gall stones were detected in 50% of first attacks, predominantly in women. The proportion of alcoholics (8% overall) increased three-fold during the period of the study. In 23% of cases no aetiological cause was identified. Eighty patients suffered 99 recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, with a mortality rate (12%) that was not significantly lower than that of the first attack. Neglected gall stones accounted for 51% of these subsequent attacks.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anales
                Anales de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (Asunción)
                An. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Asunción)
                EFACIM. Editorial de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción (Asunción, Central, Paraguay )
                1816-8949
                December 2012
                : 45
                : 2
                : 71-84
                Article
                S1816-89492012000200006
                326a21dc-d407-4eea-9a42-eae0c7c17659

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Paraguay

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