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      Wahrnehmungen zum Umgang mit Opioiden: Fokus COVID-19 : Eine Umfrage unter Anästhesist:innen über die Fachgesellschaften DGAI/BDA Translated title: Perceptions on handling of opioids: focus COVID-19 : A survey among anesthesiologists via the specialist societies DGAI/BDA

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          Abstract

          Hintergrund

          Opioide gehören zum Klinikalltag in Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Palliativmedizin. Hinsichtlich der Behandlung von Dyspnoe mit Opioiden finden sich in Leitlinien jedoch unterschiedliche Gewichtungen. Dies kann zu Unsicherheiten bezüglich Indikationsstellung und ethischer Implikationen im Umgang mit Opioiden – auch bei COVID-19 – führen.

          Ziel der Arbeit

          Erfassung der Wahrnehmung bezüglich Umgang mit Morphin/Opioiden (M/O) zur Symptomkontrolle inner- und außerhalb der Palliativmedizin, auch bei COVID-19-Erkrankten.

          Material und Methoden

          Mittels SurveyMonkey® (Momentive Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA) wurden Mitglieder der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie (DGAI) und des Berufsverbands Deutscher Anästhesisten (BDA) im Oktober 2020 anonymisiert nach ihrer eigenen Wahrnehmung zum Umgang mit M/O zur Symptomkontrolle befragt.

          Ergebnisse und Diskussion

          Von N = 1365 teilnehmenden Anästhesist:innen beschrieben 88 % den Umgang mit M/O innerhalb der Palliativmedizin als „sicher und vertraut“ bzw. 85 % als „klar geregelt“, während dies für die Bereiche außerhalb der Palliativmedizin deutlich seltener angegeben wurde (77 %/63 %). Bei der Betreuung COVID-19-Erkrankter wurde der Umgang mit M/O außerhalb der Palliativmedizin noch seltener als „sicher und vertraut“ (40 %) oder „klar geregelt“ (29 %) wahrgenommen. Dyspnoe (95 %/75 %), Erleichterung des Sterbeprozesses (84 %/51 %), Unruhe (59 %/27 %) und Angst/Panik (61 %/33 %) wurden häufiger innerhalb als außerhalb der Palliativmedizin als allgemeine Indikationen genannt. Von den Befragten wünschten sich 85 % die Einbindung eines palliativmedizinischen Konsilteams.

          Fazit

          Anästhesist:innen nahmen deutliche Unsicherheiten im Umgang mit M/O wahr, insbesondere außerhalb der Palliativmedizin. Einheitliche, interdisziplinäre Leitlinien zur Symptomkontrolle etwa bei Dyspnoe, mehr Lehre und die Einbindung eines palliativmedizinischen Konsilteams sollten zukünftig intensiver bedacht werden.

          Translated abstract

          Background

          Opioids are part of the daily routine in anesthesiology and palliative care; however, treatment of dyspnea with opioids is presented heterogeneously in guidelines. This may result in an uncertainty concerning opioid indications and ethical concerns, especially when caring for COVID-19 patients.

          Objective

          We aimed to examine the perception of anesthesiologists concerning the handling of morphine as the reference opioid (subsequently termed M/O) for symptom control within and outside of a palliative care setting, including care for COVID-19 patients.

          Material and methods

          Members of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) and the Professional Association of German Anesthesiologists (BDA) received an anonymized online questionnaire (Survey Monkey®; Momentive Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA) in October 2020, containing questions regarding their perception of symptom management with M/O in general, and in particular concerning COVID-19 patients. Participants were asked to rate their perception within and outside a palliative care setting.

          Results and discussion

          A total of 1365 anesthesiologists participated; 46% women. Most anesthesiologists were 41–60 years old (58%), worked in a hospital setting (78%), in the operating theatre (63%) and in intensive care units (49%). The majority (57%) reported > 20 years of professional experience (52%) and partial involvement in palliative care (57%). Perception of M/O handling was mostly “certain and confident” (88%) and “clearly regulated” (85%) within a palliative care setting but rated substantially lower for outside palliative care (77%/63%). When caring for COVID-19 patients, handling of M/O was even less often rated “certain and confident” (40%) or “clearly regulated” (29%) outside palliative care. Dyspnea (95%/75%), relief of the dying process (84%/51%), agitation (59%/27%) and anxiety/panic (61%/33%) were more frequently rated as general indications for morphine within versus outside palliative care. The majority of anesthesiologists disputed that M/O is given with the intention to hasten death within (87%) and outside (93%) palliative care. Highest difference in route of administration was reported for the subcutaneous administration of M/O within (76%) versus outside (33%) palliative care, followed by the intravenous route (57%/79%), while oral (66/62%) and transdermal (48%/39%) administration were reported to be used comparatively frequently. Most participants (85%) wanted more frequent involvement of palliative care consultation teams but also more team conferences (75%), supervision (72%), and training on opioid management (69%).

          Conclusion

          Anesthesiologists perceived considerable uncertainty in using M/O for nonpalliative care medical settings. Highest uncertainty was seen for the care of patients with COVID-19. The prevalent use of the subcutaneous route for M/O application in palliative care can serve as inspiration for areas outside palliative care as well. Uniform interdisciplinary guidelines for symptom control including dyspnea, education and involvement of a palliative care consultation team should be more considered in the future.

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          Most cited references32

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            2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

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              The key role of palliative care in response to the COVID-19 tsunami of suffering

              Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought a tsunami of suffering that is devastating even well resourced countries. The disease has wreaked havoc on health systems and generated immense losses for families, communities, and economies, in addition to the growing death toll. Patients, caregivers, health-care providers, and health systems can benefit from the extensive knowledge of the palliative care community and by taking heed of long-standing admonitions to improve access to essential medicines, particularly opioids for the relief of breathlessness and pain.1, 2, 3 For low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to be even more severe than in high-income countries. There will probably be a high burden of COVID-19 in settings where there are weak health-care systems, lack of access to clean water and disinfectants, poor outbreak preparedness, severe shortages in personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical technology, challenges in enforcing physical distancing regulations, and reliance on informal employment. In such settings, it is expected that patients with severe COVID-19 who are unable to access the limited supply of intensive care resources or hospital beds will suffer and die at home, where they would be cared for by family members without PPE and access to relevant information, training, or palliative care resources. These caregivers will probably become infected and spread the disease. Additionally, if resources are reallocated to respond to COVID-19, patients with other life-limiting conditions could find themselves pushed out of their health-care settings with reduced access to opioid medication. During the COVID-19 pandemic, access to essential palliative care at end-of-life, including bereavement support, will be limited in the face of high demands in all countries. There will be increased isolation and suffering for palliative care patients and those who are bereaved.4, 5 Strict physical distancing regulations to slow disease transmission mean that patients who die from COVID-19 will usually be without loved ones by their side, who in turn will be unable to say goodbye or undertake traditional grieving rituals.4, 6 Providers of palliative care, including private hospices, will require additional human and financial resources. Basic palliative care training to all medical and nursing students has been the recommendation of the palliative care community for many years, 1 and had it been heeded, the health-care workforce would be more prepared for this pandemic. Online training is available to help prepare medical personnel to provide some palliative care at all levels of care. Now is the time to insist on rapid capacity-building for clinicians7, 8 in symptom control and management of end-of-life conversations.3, 9 Smartphones and telemedicine can facilitate at-home activities supported by health-care professionals and volunteers without physical contact for people who are isolating at home. 10 Immediate-term and long-term strategies to extend palliative care during and after the COVID-19 pandemic are shown in the panel . Panel Strategies to extend palliative care during and after the COVID-19 pandemic Immediate responsiveness to adapt to pandemic parameters Optimise cooperation and coordination • Initiate formal and informal pathways for collective action and exchange by governments, bilateral and multilateral organisations, civil society, and the private sector based on the principle of solidarity. Preserve continuity of care • Ensure the availability and rational use of personal protective equipment and encourage self-care among palliative care health-care professionals and all caregivers. • Ensure an adequate and balanced supply of opioid medication to all patients for relief of breathlessness and pain by instituting the simplified procedures of the International Narcotics Control Board. • Conduct rapid training for all medical personnel to address additional palliative care needs of COVID-19 patients. • Engage technology partners to equip community health workers with telehealth capabilities to virtually conduct home-based palliative care activities. • Enable families to virtually visit and partake in health decisions with loved ones, especially at the end of life to address the almost universal fear of dying alone. Enhance social support • Enlist informal networks of community-based and faith-based organisations to mobilise and train a citizen volunteer workforce that is ready and able to teleconnect with patients in need of basic social support, delivering on palliative care's cornerstone feature—compassionate care. Assess emerging needs • Link with contact tracing activities and testing sites to collect data from the general public to better understand the social dimension of pandemic suffering. Long-term preparedness strategies that embed palliative care into the core of medicine • Expand all medical, nursing, social work, and community health worker curricula, as well as training of clergy, to include core palliative care competencies. • Establish standard and resource-stratified palliative care guidelines and protocols for different stages of a pandemic and based on rapidly evolving situations and scenarios. Support for health-care workers and strategies, such as peer counselling, regular check-ins with social support networks, self-monitoring and pacing, and working in teams, to mitigate the impact of continued exposure to death and dying, breathlessness, desperation, and suffering need to be deployed across health systems. These strategies need to include the palliative care workforce worldwide because their patient groups are usually at increased risk from COVID-19 and the least likely to be triaged into intensive care.4, 11 Adoption of triage for clinical decision making, including who will receive ventilator support, marks a deterioration in use of person-centred care in favour of utilitarian thinking. 5 Palliative care rejects the comparative valuation of human life and upholds the allocation of resources using the key ethical principles of justice and beneficence such that previous treatment adherence should not be a consideration in defining access to care. 12 Universal do-not-resuscitate orders should be rejected. The cornerstones of clinical decision making must be strict differentiation of clinicians who provide care from those who make triage decisions 5 and patient-centred assessment of the medical indication, applied in conjunction with the will of the patient. 13 Most importantly, patients triaged not to receive intensive care or ventilatory support require adequate relief of suffering, especially for breathlessness. 14 In COVID-19 patients with breathlessness, clinical experience suggests opioids—a common palliative care intervention—can be safe and effective and should be widely available. 15 The relief of the COVID-19-related, huge additional burden of serious health-related suffering will require opioids and especially inexpensive, off-patent injectable and immediate release oral morphine. 16 Yet the poorest 50% of people in the world have access to only 1% of the globally distributed opioids in morphine-equivalent and as a result access to opioid medication in many countries, even for palliative care, is inadequate.1, 17 Patients in LMICs with respiratory failure from COVID-19 will be largely unable to access opioids, as pre-existing scarcity will be exacerbated by increased use of opioids in hospital intensive-care units. We propose that LMICs need to rapidly adopt two strategies. First, national opioid medication reserves have to be increased to build up a stockpile for the COVID-19 pandemic. The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) has called on governments to ensure continued access to controlled medicines including opioids during this pandemic, reminding them that in acute emergencies it is possible to use simplified procedures for the export, transportation, and provision of opioid medications. 18 To avoid cost escalation, pooled purchasing platforms need to be adopted, including making information on price-points public and accessible.1, 19 Second, rapid, basic training on rational use of opioid medications must be offered to all primary caregivers and health-care professionals in emergency departments and intensive-care units and much of this can be done online.20, 21 In this most challenging time, health responders can take advantage of palliative care know-how to focus on compassionate care and dignity, provide rational access to essential opioid medicines, and mitigate social isolation at the end of life and caregiver distress. The call to fully incorporate palliative care into global health1, 22 could finally be realised in the urgency of the pandemic. If so, the COVID-19 pandemic will have catalysed medicine to better alleviate suffering in life and death. 23
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                vpeuckmann@ukaachen.de
                Journal
                Anaesthesist
                Anaesthesist
                Der Anaesthesist
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0003-2417
                1432-055X
                16 March 2022
                16 March 2022
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412301.5, ISNI 0000 0000 8653 1507, Klinik für Palliativmedizin, , Medizinische Fakultät, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, ; Aachen, Deutschland
                [2 ]GRID grid.1957.a, ISNI 0000 0001 0728 696X, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, , RWTH Aachen University, ; Aachen, Deutschland
                [3 ]Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Stiftung Herzogin Elisabeth Hospital, Braunschweig, Deutschland
                [4 ]GRID grid.412301.5, ISNI 0000 0000 8653 1507, Center for Translational & Clinical Research Aachen, , Medizinische Fakultät, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, ; Aachen, Deutschland
                Article
                1101
                10.1007/s00101-022-01101-2
                8924352
                35294560
                d5a6453c-c3d2-4528-9491-dead3af8e33f
                © The Author(s) 2022

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                History
                : 2 September 2021
                : 16 January 2022
                : 20 January 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: RWTH Aachen University (3131)
                Categories
                Originalien

                morphin ,sars-cov-2,symptomkontrolle,palliativmedizin,dyspnoe, morphin, sars-cov-2,symptom management, dyspnoea,palliative care

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