Access and Benefit Sharing Under the Nagoya Protocol— Quo Vadis ? Six Latin American Case Studies Assessing Opportunities and Risk

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Abstract

Background

Global challenges related to access and benefit sharing (ABS) of biological resources have become a key concern in the area of research on herbal medicines, ethnopharmacology, drug discovery, and the development of other high value products for which Intellectual Property protection can be secured. While the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, Rio 1992) has been recognized as a huge step forward, the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol (NP) and of new forms of collaboration often remain unresolved, especially in the context of “the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources” (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011). The vision and the specific implementation of this international treaty vary from country to country, which poses additional challenges.

Aims

Using a case study approach, in this analysis we aim at understanding the specific opportunities and challenges for implementing international collaborations regarding ABS in six Latin American countries—Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, México, Panama, and Peru. Based on that analysis, we provide recommendations for the path ahead regarding international collaborations under ABS agreements in ethnopharmacological research.

Results and Discussions

The implementation of the NP varies in the six countries; and while they are all rich in biodiversity, access and benefit sharing mechanisms differ considerably. There is a need to engage in a consultation process with stakeholders, but this has often come to a halt. Institutional infrastructures to implement national policies are weak, and the level of knowledge about the NP and the CBD within countries remains limited.

Conclusions

Different policies in the six countries result in very diverse strategies and opportunities relating to the equitable use of biodiversity. A long-term strategy is required to facilitate a better understanding of the treaties and the resulting opportunities for a fairer development and implementation of transparent national polices, which currently differ in the six countries. So far, the benefits envisioned by the CBD and the NP remain unfulfilled for all stakeholders involved including local communities.

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Most cited references 35

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The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth's Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions

David Olson, Eric Dinerstein (1998)

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Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. II. Fermentation, isolation and characterization.

S SEHGAL, H. Baker, Claude Vezina (1975)

Rapamycin is a new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 5491. It was isolated from the mycelium by solvent extraction, purified by silica gel column chromatography and crystallized as a colorless solid which melts at 183 approximately to 185 degrees C and has the empirical formula C56H89NO14. From its characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectrum rapamycin can be classified as a triene. It is highly active against various Candida species, especially Candida albicans. Its activity is compared with that of amphotericin B, candicidin and nystatin.

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Is Open Access

Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Chile

Roberto Carmona Rodríguez, Clodomiro Marticorena, Diego Alarcón … (2018)

RESUMEN Se presenta un catálogo de las plantas vasculares que crecen en Chile. Está organizado por divisiones, Pteridophyta (Lycopodiopsida y Polypodiopsida), Pinophyta (Gnetopsida y Pinopsida) y Magnoliophyta (Liliopsida y Magnoliopsida), y dentro de cada grupo, las jerarquías taxonómicas (Familia, Género, Especies y taxones infraespecíficos) están ordenados alfabéticamente. Se incluye además un índice alfabético de géneros con indicación de la familia y grupo a que pertenecen. De acuerdo a este catálogo la flora de las plantas vasculares que crecen en Chile, comprende 186 familias, 1121 géneros y 5471 especies, de éstas, 4655 corresponden a especies nativas, de las cuales 2145 son endémicas de Chile y 816 las especies introducidas.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Michael Heinrich: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/15167

Francesca Scotti: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/519253

Adolfo Andrade-Cetto: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/16719

Monica Berger-Gonzalez: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/912491

Javier Echeverría: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/439467

Fabio Friso: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/931936

Alan Hesketh: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/927781

Caroline Maake: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/961029

Matteo Politi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/903707

Carmenza Spadafora: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/827150

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Pharmacol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Pharmacol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Pharmacol.

Title: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1663-9812

Publication date (Electronic): 08 June 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 765

Affiliations

[1] ¹ Research Group ‘Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy’, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London , London, United Kingdom

[2] ² Laboratorio de Etnofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico

[3] ³ Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala , Guatemala City, Guatemala

[4] ⁴ Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago, Chile

[5] ⁵ Departmento de Investigación, Centro de Rehabilitación de Toxicómanos y de Investigación de Medicinas Tradicionales-Takiwasi , Tarapoto, Peru

[6] ⁶ Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos, Alexander von Humboldt, Sede Venado del Oro , Bogotá, Colombia

[7] ⁷ Indigena Biodiversity Limited , Gerrards Cross, United Kingdom

[8] ⁸ Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland

[9] ⁹ Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland

[10] ¹⁰ Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti Scalo, Italy

[11] ¹¹ Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades (CBCMe), Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP) , Panama City, Panamá

[12] ¹² Asociación Nacional de Conservación de la Naturaleza (National Association for the Conservation of Nature) , Cd. de Panama City, Panamá

Author notes

Edited by: Lyndy Joy McGaw, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Reviewed by: Daniel Robinson, University of New South Wales, Australia; David Smith, CAB International, United Kingdom

*Correspondence: Michael Heinrich, m.heinrich@ 123456ucl.ac.uk

†Participants in a workshop on Best Practice in Access and Benefit Sharing, held at the UCL School of Pharmacy in October 2019. These authors contributed equally to the paper, based on their expertise in specific aspects of the NP’s implementation

This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00765

PMC ID: 7294742

PubMed ID: 32581783

SO-VID: d58c0232-5d53-4734-8b9b-d001e6a8f17b

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 10 March 2020

Date accepted : 07 May 2020

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 75, Pages: 19, Words: 14187

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Access and Benefit Sharing Under the Nagoya Protocol— Quo Vadis? Six Latin American Case Studies Assessing Opportunities and Risk

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Conclusions

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Acta Materia Medica

Most cited references 35

The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth's Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions

Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. II. Fermentation, isolation and characterization.

Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Chile

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Cited by 13

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