4
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Co-infection of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) gut bacteria with Leishmania major exacerbates the pathological responses of BALB/c mice

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Clinical features and severity of the leishmaniasis is extremely intricate and depend on several factors, especially sand fly-derived products. Bacteria in the sand fly’s gut are a perpetual companion of Leishmania parasites. However, consequences of the concomitance of these bacteria and Leishmania parasite outside the midgut environment have not been investigated in the infection process. Herein, a needle infection model was designed to mimic transmission by sand flies, to examine differences in the onset and progression of L. major infection initiated by inoculation with “low” or “high” doses of Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The results showed an alteration in the local expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mice receiving different inoculations of bacteria. Simultaneous injection of two bacteria with Leishmania parasites in the low-dose group caused greater thickness of ear pinna and enhanced tissue chronic inflammatory cells, as well as resulted in multifold increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-1β and a decrease in the iNOS expression, without changing the L. major burden. Despite advances in scientific breakthroughs, scant survey has investigated the interaction between micro and macro levels of organization of leishmaniasis that ranges from the cellular to macro ecosystem levels, giving rise to the spread and persistence of the disease in a region. Our findings provide new insight into using the potential of the vector-derived microbiota in modulating the vertebrate immune system for the benefit of the host or recommend the use of appropriate antibiotics along with antileishmanial medicines.

          Related collections

          Most cited references57

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The gut microbiota of insects - diversity in structure and function.

          Insect guts present distinctive environments for microbial colonization, and bacteria in the gut potentially provide many beneficial services to their hosts. Insects display a wide range in degree of dependence on gut bacteria for basic functions. Most insect guts contain relatively few microbial species as compared to mammalian guts, but some insects harbor large gut communities of specialized bacteria. Others are colonized only opportunistically and sparsely by bacteria common in other environments. Insect digestive tracts vary extensively in morphology and physicochemical properties, factors that greatly influence microbial community structure. One obstacle to the evolution of intimate associations with gut microorganisms is the lack of dependable transmission routes between host individuals. Here, social insects, such as termites, ants, and bees, are exceptions: social interactions provide opportunities for transfer of gut bacteria, and some of the most distinctive and consistent gut communities, with specialized beneficial functions in nutrition and protection, have been found in social insect species. Still, gut bacteria of other insects have also been shown to contribute to nutrition, protection from parasites and pathogens, modulation of immune responses, and communication. The extent of these roles is still unclear and awaits further studies. © 2013 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The gut bacteria of insects: nonpathogenic interactions.

            The diversity of the Insecta is reflected in the large and varied microbial communities inhabiting the gut. Studies, particularly with termites and cockroaches, have focused on the nutritional contributions of gut bacteria in insects living on suboptimal diets. The indigenous gut bacteria, however, also play a role in withstanding the colonization of the gut by non-indigenous species including pathogens. Gut bacterial consortia adapt by the transfer of plasmids and transconjugation between bacterial strains, and some insect species provide ideal conditions for bacterial conjugation, which suggests that the gut is a "hot spot" for gene transfer. Genomic analysis provides new avenues for the study of the gut microbial community and will reveal the molecular foundations of the relationships between the insect and its microbiome. In this review the intestinal bacteria is discussed in the context of developing our understanding of symbiotic relationships, of multitrophic interactions between insects and plant or animal host, and in developing new strategies for controlling insect pests.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              Leishmaniasis: a review

              Leishmaniasis is caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly. It is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide, 1.5 to 2 million new cases occur each year, 350 million are at risk of acquiring the disease, and leishmaniasis causes 70,000 deaths per year. Clinical features depend on the species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Manifestations range from the localized cutaneous to the visceral form with potentially fatal outcomes. Many drugs are used in its treatment, but the only effective treatment is achieved with current pentavalent antimonials.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front Cell Infect Microbiol
                Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2235-2988
                26 January 2023
                2023
                : 13
                : 1115542
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
                [2] 2 Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
                Author notes

                Edited by: Isabel Mauricio, New University of Lisbon, Portugal

                Reviewed by: Camila Farias Amorim, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Seray Toz, Ege University, Türkiye

                *Correspondence: Naseh Maleki-Ravasan, naseh_maleki@ 123456yahoo.com ; Mahmoud Nateghi-Rostami, rostami52@ 123456yahoo.com ; Ramtin Hadighi, Hadighi.r@ 123456iums.ac.ir ; Parviz Parvizi, parpparvizi@ 123456yahoo.com

                This article was submitted to Parasite and Host, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115542
                9909354
                36779192
                d4067450-6ba7-4f5d-94dd-a4ac10f1db30
                Copyright © 2023 Amni, Maleki-Ravasan, Nateghi-Rostami, Hadighi, Karimian, Meamar, Badirzadeh and Parvizi

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 04 December 2022
                : 12 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 11, Words: 5859
                Funding
                This research was supported by grant no. 1156 awarded by the Pasteur Institute of Iran to NM-R and PP and grant no. 20713 by the Iran University of Medical Sciences to RH. Also this study is a part of PhD thesis of the first author, FA.
                Categories
                Cellular and Infection Microbiology
                Original Research

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                leishmaniasis,phlebotomus papatasi,gut bacteria,sand fly bite,pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines,pathogenesis

                Comments

                Comment on this article