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      Survival time and distance to access specialized treatment among people living with HIV/Aids in the state of Alagoas, Brazil Translated title: Tempo de sobrevida e distância para acesso a tratamento especializado por pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids no estado de Alagoas, Brasil

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the effect of the distance between the place of residence and the specialized treatment service on the survival time of people living with HIV/Aids in Alagoas, Northeast Brazil. Methods: Data from the notification and mortality systems related to individuals aged 13 years or older diagnosed with the infection between 2007 and 2013 were used. The cases were observed for a period of follow-up until December 2017. For the analyses, the Pearson's χ2 test, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression were adopted according to the outcome of the case, place of residence, distance to the health unit, population size of the municipality of residence, sex, skin color/ethnicity, and age. Results: Of the 2,732 analyzed cases, 760 individuals died of Aids-related causes. The average estimate of survival time for individuals residing in the capital was 98.6 months (95%CI 96.1–101). Among residents of inland cities, the estimate was 92.7 months (95%CI 89.3–96.1). There was a significant difference in curves throughout the period. The group residing in inland municipalities and those traveling a distance of >70 km had a higher average relative risk of death (RR=1.21, 95%CI 1.05–1.4 and RR=1.18, 95%CI 1.01–1.39, respectively). Conclusion: Living in or near the capital decreases the average relative risk of death. In order to increase the survival time of HIV/Aids patients in Alagoas, it is suggested to decentralize specialized health care, that is, to create regional centers to care for these people.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da distância entre o local de residência e de tratamento especializado sobre o tempo de sobrevida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids em Alagoas, Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Utilizaram-se dados dos sistemas de notificação e mortalidade relacionados a indivíduos com idade ≥ 13 anos diagnosticados com a infecção entre 2007 e 2013. Os casos foram observados por um tempo de seguimento até dezembro de 2017. Para as análises, foram adotados o teste χ2 de Pearson, o método Kaplan Meier e a regressão de Cox, de acordo com o desfecho do caso, o local da moradia, a distância até a unidade de saúde, o tamanho populacional do município de residência, o sexo, a cor/etnia e a idade. Resultados: Dos 2.732 casos analisados, 760 evoluíram para óbito por causas relacionadas à Aids. A estimativa média do tempo de sobrevida dos indivíduos residentes na capital foi de 98,6 meses (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 96,1 – 101). Entre os residentes nos municípios do interior, a estimativa foi de 92,7 meses (IC95% 89,3 – 96,1). Houve diferença significativa nas curvas em todo o período. O grupo residente no interior e o daqueles que viajavam a uma distância > 70 km apresentaram razão de risco (RR) médio de óbito maior (RR = 1,21, IC95% 1,05 – 1,4; e RR = 1,18, IC95% 1,01 – 1,39, respectivamente). Conclusão: Residir na capital ou próximo dela diminui o risco relativo médio de óbito. A fim de aumentar o tempo de sobrevida dos pacientes com HIV/Aids em Alagoas, sugere-se descentralizar a assistência especializada, ou seja, criar centros regionais para atendimento dessas pessoas.

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          Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies

          Summary Background Health care for people living with HIV has improved substantially in the past two decades. Robust estimates of how these improvements have affected prognosis and life expectancy are of utmost importance to patients, clinicians, and health-care planners. We examined changes in 3 year survival and life expectancy of patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 1996 and 2013. Methods We analysed data from 18 European and North American HIV-1 cohorts. Patients (aged ≥16 years) were eligible for this analysis if they had started ART with three or more drugs between 1996 and 2010 and had at least 3 years of potential follow-up. We estimated adjusted (for age, sex, AIDS, risk group, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA at start of ART) all-cause and cause-specific mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for the first year after ART initiation and the second and third years after ART initiation in four calendar periods (1996–99, 2000–03 [comparator], 2004–07, 2008–10). We estimated life expectancy by calendar period of initiation of ART. Findings 88 504 patients were included in our analyses, of whom 2106 died during the first year of ART and 2302 died during the second or third year of ART. Patients starting ART in 2008–10 had lower all-cause mortality in the first year after ART initiation than did patients starting ART in 2000–03 (adjusted HR 0·71, 95% CI 0·61–0·83). All-cause mortality in the second and third years after initiation of ART was also lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 than in those who started in 2000–03 (0·57, 0·49–0·67); this decrease was not fully explained by viral load and CD4 cell count at 1 year. Rates of non-AIDS deaths were lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 (vs 2000–03) in the first year (0·48, 0·34–0·67) and second and third years (0·29, 0·21–0·40) after initiation of ART. Between 1996 and 2010, life expectancy in 20-year-old patients starting ART increased by about 9 years in women and 10 years in men. Interpretation Even in the late ART era, survival during the first 3 years of ART continues to improve, which probably reflects transition to less toxic antiretroviral drugs, improved adherence, prophylactic measures, and management of comorbidity. Prognostic models and life expectancy estimates should be updated to account for these improvements. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, EU EDCTP2 programme.
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            Dramatic improvement in survival among adult Brazilian AIDS patients

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              Cuidado, HIV/Aids e atenção primária no Brasil: desafio para a atenção no Sistema Único de Saúde?

              RESUMO No Brasil, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) prevê a organização de uma rede hierarquizada e regionalizada de serviços de saúde tendo a atenção primária à saúde (APS) como ordenadora e porta de entrada para os serviços. Recentemente, novas diretrizes e experiências brasileiras designaram para a APS um papel de maior protagonismo no tema das políticas de HIV/Aids, que até então desenvolviam-se, no seu componente assistencial, centralmente em serviços especializados. Este artigo contextualiza e problematiza esse recente processo de descentralização do cuidado às pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids no SUS. A partir de 2011, novas tecnologias diagnósticas (como os testes rápidos) foram implantadas na APS no Brasil, ampliando o acesso à testagem e promovendo um aumento do número de diagnósticos de HIV na APS. A partir de 2013, diretrizes e recomendações incentivaram também o acompanhamento de pessoas com HIV/Aids no âmbito da APS. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo examina a relação entre APS e atenção especializada, as questões de acesso, estigma e confidencialidade na APS e o modo de organização e funcionamento das equipes de saúde da família, notadamente a vinculação formal entre moradores a equipes. Conclui-se que o enfrentamento de vários desafios – de ordem moral, ética, técnica, organizacional e política - é necessário para ampliar as possibilidades de acesso e a qualidade do cuidado na APS para as pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids no Brasil.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
                Rev. bras. epidemiol.
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                2021
                : 24
                : suppl 1
                : e210019
                Affiliations
                [1] Maceió Alagoas orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas Brazil
                Article
                S1415-790X2021000200406 S1415-790X(21)02400000406
                10.1590/1980-549720210019.supl.1
                d12bef7a-4cf1-41b9-9cca-e6dde7dc23d6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 December 2020
                : 13 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Original Articles

                Health status disparities,Health services accessibility,Mortality,Survival analysis,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,HIV,Disparidades nos níveis de saúde,Acesso aos serviços de saúde,Mortalidade,Análise de sobrevida,Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida

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