Association of Internet gaming disorder symptoms with anxiety and depressive symptoms and substance use: an international cross-sectional study

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Abstract

Background

Problematic Internet gaming is an increasingly recognized global mental health problem. This multicultural cross-sectional study examined the association between Internet gaming disorder (IGD) symptoms and anxiety and depressive symptoms and substance use within a sample of young Internet users. In total, 3529 college/university students (1260 (35.7%) males; mean age 21 ± 3 years) were surveyed online. We assessed online gaming patterns using the Internet Gaming Disorder Self-report for College/University Students (ICMH-IGD), symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and symptoms of anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7.

Results

IGD symptoms were associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and substance use, independent of time spent online, psychiatric diagnosis, culture, or sociodemographic characteristics. For males, more significant IGD symptoms were associated with more extended Internet browsing per day time and higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, while for females, with more extended Internet browsing per day time, marihuana use, and higher levels of depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Our study found that more overt symptoms of IGD were associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms and substance use. Still, these associations differed among males and females, suggesting that gender differences should be considered when planning specific treatments.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43045-022-00180-6.

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Most cited references 52

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A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.

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Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire.

R L Spitzer, K Kroenke, J. Williams (1999)

The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was developed as a screening instrument but its administration time has limited its clinical usefulness. To determine if the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) has validity and utility for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD. Criterion standard study undertaken between May 1997 and November 1998. Eight primary care clinics in the United States. Of a total of 3000 adult patients (selected by site-specific methods to avoid sampling bias) assessed by 62 primary care physicians (21 general internal medicine, 41 family practice), 585 patients had an interview with a mental health professional within 48 hours of completing the PHQ. Patient Health Questionnaire diagnoses compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; health care use; and treatment/referral decisions. A total of 825 (28%) of the 3000 individuals and 170 (29%) of the 585 had a PHQ diagnosis. There was good agreement between PHQ diagnoses and those of independent mental health professionals (for the diagnosis of any 1 or more PHQ disorder, kappa = 0.65; overall accuracy, 85%; sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 90%), similar to the original PRIME-MD. Patients with PHQ diagnoses had more functional impairment, disability days, and health care use than did patients without PHQ diagnoses (for all group main effects, P<.001). The average time required of the physician to review the PHQ was far less than to administer the original PRIME-MD (<3 minutes for 85% vs 16% of the cases). Although 80% of the physicians reported that routine use of the PHQ would be useful, new management actions were initiated or planned for only 117 (32%) of the 363 patients with 1 or more PHQ diagnoses not previously recognized. Our study suggests that the PHQ has diagnostic validity comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD, and is more efficient to use.

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Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance

Orsolya Király, Marc Potenza, Dan J. Stein … (2020)

As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments have introduced steps such as spatial distancing and “staying at home” to curb its spread and impact. The fear resulting from the disease, the ‘lockdown’ situation, high levels of uncertainty regarding the future, and financial insecurity raise the level of stress, anxiety, and depression experienced by people all around the world. Psychoactive substances and other reinforcing behaviors (e.g., gambling, video gaming, watching pornography) are often used to reduce stress and anxiety and/or to alleviate depressed mood. The tendency to use such substances and engage in such behaviors in an excessive manner as putative coping strategies in crises like the COVID-19 pandemic is considerable. Moreover, the importance of information and communications technology (ICT) is even higher in the present crisis than usual. ICT has been crucial in keeping parts of the economy going, allowing large groups of people to work and study from home, enhancing social connectedness, providing greatly needed entertainment, etc. Although for the vast majority ICT use is adaptive and should not be pathologized, a subgroup of vulnerable individuals are at risk of developing problematic usage patterns. The present consensus guidance discusses these risks and makes some practical recommendations that may help diminish them.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Julius Burkauskas:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-2151

julius.burkauskas@lsmuni.lt

Inga Griskova-Bulanova:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-3300

inga.griskova-bulanova@gf.vu.lt

Ana Đorić:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-3942

ana.djoric.cpp@ffri.uniri.hr

Yatan Pal Singh Balhara:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-6403

ypsbalhara@gmail.com

Arya Sidharth:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-9672

draryasid3188@gmail.com

Ramdas Ransing:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-5570

ramdas_ransing123@yahoo.co.in

Tuong –. Vi Vu Thi: tuongvipac@gmail.com

Truong Ngoc Huong: truongpx@mta.edu.vn

Helin Yilmaz Kafali:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6009-1085

dr.helinyilmaz@gmail.com

Gamze Erzin:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-5053

gamze.erzin@gmail.com

Zahir Vally:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-6006

zahir.vally@uaeu.ac.ae

Mita Rani Roy Chowdhury: rcmita@yahoo.com

Pawan Sharma:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-7568

pawan60@gmail.com

Rabi Shakya: rabishakya@pahs.edu.np

Paulo Moreira:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5454-7971

paulomoreira@por.ulusiada.pt

Sara Faria: saradrfaria@gmail.com

Isa Multazam Noor: kebocha@yahoo.com

Luís Antônio Monteiro Campos:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-5593

campox1@gmail.com

Anna Rebeka Szczegielniak:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-4589

anna.szczegielniak@gmail.com

Dejan Stevanovic:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-5246

stevanovic.dejan79@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Middle East Curr Psychiatry

Title: Middle East Current Psychiatry, Ain Shams University

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Electronic): 2090-5416

Publication date (Electronic): 14 February 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 14 February 2022

Publication date (Print): 2022

Volume: 29

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 14

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.45083.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 0432 6841, Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, ; Vyduno al 4, Palanga, Lithuania

[2 ]GRID grid.6441.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2243 2806, Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, , Vilnius University, ; Vilnius, Lithuania

[3 ]GRID grid.22939.33, ISNI 0000 0001 2236 1630, University of Rijeka, ; Rijeka, Croatia

[4 ]GRID grid.413618.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1767 6103, Behavioral Addictions Clinic (BAC), Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), , All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), ; New Delhi, India

[5 ]GRID grid.416861.c, ISNI 0000 0001 1516 2246, Centre for Addiction Medicine, , National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, ; Bengaluru, India

[6 ]GRID grid.415155.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2039 9627, Department of Psychiatry, , B K L Walawalkar Rural Medical College, ; Sawarde, Maharashtra India

[7 ]GRID grid.413054.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0468 9247, South Vietnam HIV Addiction Technical Transfer Centre - University of Medicine and Pharmacy, ; Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

[8 ]GRID grid.413054.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0468 9247, Faculty of Public Health, , University of Medicine and Pharmacy, ; Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

[9 ]Ankara Children’s Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey

[10 ]GRID grid.413698.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0419 0366, Diskapi Training and Research Hospital, ; Ankara, Turkey

[11 ]GRID grid.43519.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 2193 6666, Department of Psychology & Counseling, , United Arab Emirates University, ; Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

[12 ]United Nations Department of Safety and Security, Cox’s bazar, Bangladesh

[13 ]GRID grid.452690.c, ISNI 0000 0004 4677 1409, Department of Psychiatry, , Patan Academy of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, ; Lalitpur, Nepal

[14 ]GRID grid.10210.32, ISNI 0000 0000 9215 0321, Universidade Lusíada Norte (Porto); Centro de investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), ; Porto, Portugal

[15 ]Psychiatry Department, Dr Soeharto Heerdjan Mental Hospital Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia

[16 ]GRID grid.441947.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9640 5782, Universidade Católica de Petrópolis Rio de Janeiro, ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[17 ]GRID grid.411728.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2198 0923, Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, , Medical University of Silesia, ; Katowice, Poland

[18 ]Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Dr. Subotic 6a, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia

Author information

Julius Burkauskas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-2151

Inga Griskova-Bulanova https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5003-3300

Ana Đorić https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-3942

Yatan Pal Singh Balhara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1616-6403

Arya Sidharth https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-9672

Ramdas Ransing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-5570

Helin Yilmaz Kafali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6009-1085

Gamze Erzin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-5053

Zahir Vally https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-6006

Pawan Sharma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-7568

Paulo Moreira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5454-7971

Luís Antônio Monteiro Campos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-5593

Anna Rebeka Szczegielniak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-4589

Dejan Stevanovic http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-5246

Article

Publisher ID: 180

DOI: 10.1186/s43045-022-00180-6

PMC ID: 8853349

SO-VID: d099dc7f-91f6-4aaa-bcdf-3430a069a302

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 13 December 2021

Date accepted : 16 January 2022

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Keywords: problematic gaming,gaming addiction,gaming disorder,psychiatric symptoms,substance abuse,anxiety,depression

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Keywords: problematic gaming, gaming addiction, gaming disorder, psychiatric symptoms, substance abuse, anxiety, depression

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Social support as the mediator for the relationship between internet gaming disorder and psychological problems among university students
Authors: Malakeh Z. Malak, Ahmed.H. Shuhaiber, Ahmed Alsswey …

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Association of Internet gaming disorder symptoms with anxiety and depressive symptoms and substance use: an international cross-sectional study

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Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusions

Supplementary Information

Related collections

Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Most cited references 52

A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire.

Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance

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Contributors

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Article

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Cited by 1

Most referenced authors 2,133