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      Cultural significance of wild mammals in mayan and mestizo communities of the Lacandon Rainforest, Chiapas, Mexico

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          Abstract

          Background

          Several ethnobiology studies evaluate the cultural significance (CS) of plants and mushrooms. However, this is not the case for mammals. It is important to make studies of CS allowing the comparison of cultural groups because the value given to groups of organisms may be based on different criteria. Such information would be valuable for wildlife preservation plans. In this study, the most culturally significant species of mammals from the Lacandon Rainforest (Chiapas, Mexico) for people from two Mayan-Lacandon and mestizo communities were identified. The reasons behind the CS of the studied species were explored and the existence of differences among the cultural groups was evaluated.

          Methods

          One hundred ninety-eight semi-structured and structured interviews were applied to compile socio-demographic information, qualitative data on CS categories, and free listings. Frequency of mention was a relative indicator to evaluate the CS of each species of mammal. Comparison of responses between communities was carried out through multivariate analyses. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the number of mentioned species by Lacandons and mestizos as well as different responses in the qualitative categories. A χ2 test was used to compare frequency of categories.

          Results

          38 wild mammal species were identified. The classification and Principal Components Analyses show an apparent separation between Lacandon and mestizo sites based on the relative importance of species. All four communities mentioned the lowland paca the most, followed by peccary, white-tailed deer, armadillo, and jaguar. No significant difference was found in the number of mentioned species between the two groups. Eight CS categories were identified. The most important category was “harmful mammals”, which included 28 species. Other relevant categories were edible, medicinal, and appearing in narratives.

          Conclusions

          The data obtained in this study demonstrates the existence of differential cultural patterns in the relationships that Lacandon and mestizo groups establish with mammals. Species are deemed important either because they are eaten of because of the harm they cause. We suggest the incorporation of local conceptions about wild animals in conservation frameworks for the fauna in the Lacandon Rainforest.

          Resumen

          Introducción

          Diversos estudios en etnobiología evalúan la importancia cultural (IC) de especies de plantas y hongos. Sin embargo, este no es el caso para mamíferos. Es importante realizar estudios sobre IC que permitan comparar información entre culturas, ya que la valoración de organismos se basa en diferentes criterios. Tal información será útil en planeación para la conservación de vida silvestre. En este estudio se identificaron las especies de mamíferos de mayor importancia cultural para dos comunidades mestizas y dos maya-lacandonas de la Selva Lacandona de Chiapas, México. Se exploran las razones de tal importancia y se evalúan las diferencias entre ambos grupos.

          Métodos

          Se realizaron 198 entrevistas semiestructuradas y estructuradas para recabar información sociodemográfica, datos cualitativos de categorías de importancia cultural y listados libres. Se utilizó la frecuencia de mención como indicador relativo para evaluar la importancia cultural de cada especie. Las comparaciones de respuestas se realizaron con análisis multivariados. Para comparar el número de especies mencionadas entre grupos y categorías se realizaron pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann Whitney y se realizaron pruebas de χ2 para comparar la frecuencia de categorías.

          Resultados

          Se identificaron 38 especies de mamíferos silvestres. Los análisis de clasificación y componentes principales muestran una aparente separación entre poblados lacandones y mestizos con base en la importancia relativa de las especies. Para las cuatro comunidades la especie más mencionada fue el tepezcuintle, seguido del puerco de monte, el venado cola blanca, el armadillo y el jaguar. No existió diferencia significativa en el número de especies mencionadas entre las poblaciones. Se registraron ocho categorías de importancia cultural. La categoría más importante fue “mamíferos dañinos” con 28 especies, seguido de comestibles, medicinales y con presencia en las narrativas.

          Discusión

          Nuestros datos muestran que existen patrones culturales diferenciales en las relaciones establecidas entre grupos lacandones y mestizos con los mamíferos. Las especies son consideradas importantes tanto por el aprovechamiento que hacen de ellas como por el daño que pueden ocasionar. Se sugiere incorporar las concepciones locales de mestizos y lacandones sobre los mamíferos silvestres a esquemas y estrategias de conservación de fauna en la Selva Lacandona.

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          Most cited references103

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          The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique

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            Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers' consensus and cultural importance.

            Medicinal plants are an important element of indigenous medical systems in Mexico. These resources are usually regarded as part of a culture's traditional knowledge. This study examines the use of medicinal plants in four indigenous groups of Mexican Indians, Maya, Nahua, Zapotec and - for comparative purposes - Mixe. With the first three the methodology was similar, making a direct comparison of the results possible. In these studies, the relative importance of a medicinal plant within a culture is documented using a quantitative method. For the analysis the uses were grouped into 9-10 categories of indigenous uses. This report compares these data and uses the concept of informant consensus originally developed by Trotter and Logan for analysis. This indicates how homogenous the ethnobotanical information is. Generally the factor is high for gastrointestinal illnesses and for culture bound syndromes. While the species used by the 3 indigenous groups vary, the data indicate that there exist well-defined criteria specific for each culture which lead to the selection of a plant as a medicine. A large number of species are used for gastrointestinal illnesses by two or more of the indigenous groups. At least in this case, the multiple transfer of species and their uses within Mexico seems to be an important reason for the widespread use of a species. Medicinal plants in other categories (e.g. skin diseases) are usually known only in one culture and seem to be part of its traditional knowledge.
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              General Principles of Classification and Nomenclature in Folk Biology

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yasmindadelvalle@hotmail.com
                enaranjo@ecosur.mx
                jcaballero@ib.unam.mx
                martorel@ecologia.unam.mx
                ruansoto@yahoo.com.mx
                penrique@ecosur.mx
                Journal
                J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
                J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
                Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
                BioMed Central (London )
                1746-4269
                7 May 2015
                7 May 2015
                2015
                : 11
                : 36
                Affiliations
                [ ]Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF Mexico
                [ ]El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
                [ ]Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF Mexico
                [ ]Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
                Article
                21
                10.1186/s13002-015-0021-7
                4449583
                25947968
                cf2a86f5-dd71-49c5-a778-96f4e315fa69
                © García del Valle et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 2 January 2015
                : 14 April 2015
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Health & Social care
                ethnobiology,ethnozoology,uses of fauna,lacandon rainforest
                Health & Social care
                ethnobiology, ethnozoology, uses of fauna, lacandon rainforest

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